Essay on Contemporary Comparison Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

On Contemporary Comparison - Essay Example The onset of Islam as a religion led to many getting and understanding its vision of establishing itself as a formidable spiritual ground alongside other religions. This began with the creation of Islamic based civilization in the Middle East, the Persian states and later in the Turkish states. The 13th century saw the joining of Africa and Asia as major forces of Islamic traditions. Unlike many other religions, Islam came up and provided a neutral ground for its followers. It did not discriminate in terms of race or color. This led to the creation of a strong, unshakable and one minded group of followers. It also gave all its believers the chance to further their knowledge in any field whatsoever just as long as this knowledge did not in any way interfere with the spiritual standpoint of Islam. It also allowed for those not incorporated into the Islamic religion to participate in any intellectual exercise so long as it benefited the whole community. Those who embraced Islam had a ch ance to further their civilization after the rise of Islam. Such groups such as the Persians who were advanced in their ways of living and trade advanced further after they embraced Islam. After the death of its founder Prophet Mohammed, Abu Bakr became the first caliph. He was the leader of Islamic religion for two years then Umar took over. Umar enabled Islamic religion to capture more grounds and get more followers in the east as well as the west therefore bringing the Persian region, Egypt and Syria under its fold. He advocated for the other religions as well. This was evident when he led the march of Muslim followers into Jerusalem to demand the security of Christian strongholds. He also saw the creation of a financial set up to cater of Muslims finances. Afterwards Uthman took over leadership and is highly credited to have made copies of the Holy Quran and distributed them across the world where Muslims were. During the Umayyad caliphate the capital of Islam was in Damascus bu t this was moved to Baghdad by the Abbasids. This saw the transformation of Baghdad into a strong political stronghold of the entire world. The Abbasids were in a leadership position for a little over 500 years whereby afterwards they began loosing the sense of authority they wielded thus remaining with only symbolic influence. The sultans wielded the military authority. During the reign of Abbasids several empires came into existence for instance the Fatimid’s and the Mamluks who had vast authority in Egypt and the Palestine. This reign saw the many crusades that the Pope advocated for and that got vast support from leaders in Europe. The Pope’s greatest motivation for such crusades was majorly to reclaim the holy land of Jerusalem that had transformed from a Christianity stronghold to an Islamic stronghold. This was possible in the beginning and some parts that had shifted to Islam were transformed to Christianity such as some regions in Syria, although this did not last under the reign of the decorated Muslim ruler Saladin who reclaimed these regions and saw to the downfall of the crusaders. During the time when the Abbasids came to power, one prince who belonged to the former leadership of Umayyad made a get away and went to Spain where he established Umayyad leadership. This became the onset of Islam in Spain for the next two centuries until the downfall of t

Contemporary Strategic Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Contemporary Strategic Management - Essay Example The report will be divided into two segments. The first segments will cover the strategic analysis of the company and the second part of the study will cover the strategic choice and strategic implementation. The strategic analysis will be mainly carried out to find the current situation of the company and the strategies used by them to operate in the market place. In order to evaluate those strategies of Vodafone, several strategic frameworks will be utilized. The strategic frameworks which will be utilized in this study are SWOT framework, PESTEL analysis, and BCG matrix. Apart from that, to analyse the UK telecom industry, Porter’s five forces framework will be used. The tools will be directly applied on Vodafone to identify its current situation, performance and ability. Furthermore, the report will also suggest the alternative courses of action by which Vodafone can operate and market its products efficiently in the future. After that an alternative will be chosen and its selection will be justified. Finally, the process of implementing the strategy will be enlightened. SECTION I – STRATEGIC ANALYSIS Vodafone: A Brief Overview Vodafone group Plc. is a UK based multinational company involved in the business telecommunication products and services. The company was founded in the year 1991. However its history goes back to 1983, when it used to operate as Racial Telecom (Vodafone, 2012a). Previously, the company had its headquarters at Berkshire, however recently it moved to London, United Kingdom. The company has presence in places such as Asia Pacific, Middle East, Africa, Europe and USA. Some of the major products and services of the company are prepaid and post paid voice services, mobile data services, MMS and SMS services, handsets, land-lines and digital television among others. It employs around 70,000 employees around the world. According to the recent media publications, the company holds a mammoth base of 407 million subscribers aroun d the world. Vodafone in listed in the London Stock Exchange and has listing in NASDAQ. With the changing business environment and rapid technological growth, the expectation of customers has also increased. Hence in order to meet the needs of the customers, Vodafone periodically updates its product portfolio by launching new products. For example implementation of 3G is the latest addition. The competitors of the company are Tesco, Fresh, Sainsbury, Virgin, BT Mobile and One Tel among others. Situational Analysis Situation analysis is a method by which companies evaluate their internal and external environment. This helps in understanding the firm’s business environment, customers, capabilities and core competencies (Davis, 2008). In this context i.e. to understand and identify the business environment, capabilities and core competencies of Vodafone, several situation analysis tools will be used. To understand the industry porter’s five forces will be used and to gaug e the external business factors PESTEL analysis will be used. In addition, to get an in depth information about the internal environment of the organization, tools such as SWOT framework and BCG matrix will be used. SWOT

Hazards Associated With Deep Excavations

Hazards Associated With Deep Excavations Health and Safety Task 2 P3 Describe a range of identifiable hazards associated with deep excavations and scaffolding when working from heights. Explain who may be at risk from these potential Hazards? Working from Heights: When working from heights it is vital to remember to be very careful because of the numerous dangers when doing so, there is quite a lot of professions that work from large heights, but the most common one in the construction industry is scaffolding. So Im going to give you some examples of hazards associated with scaffolding; Falling from said height: The dangers here are obvious, depending how far you fall and what you hit when going down and of course how and what you land on all determine how much damage you will take. Now the simplest way to make sure people dont fall of scaffolding is by having safety rails and barriers all the way around the platforms but this can cost a lot of money if they make it completely protected all the way around, so they have to make the scaffolders on site aware of any certain areas that are more dangerous than others for example a hole where ladders are from the area below, an area that isnt as well protected as it isnt an area of high traffic. When talking about falling from heights and who gets injured due to it this will rarely involve the public as they should not be climbing the scaffolding to be able to fall, so this will usually only effect the workers. Objects falling from height: Objects falling from height is one of the main causes of injury and death in the construction industry, this is because of the nature of the items and the large heights that are used on site for example, a lot of bricks and iron poles fall from the top of scaffolding that could be as high as a 30m building or even more, this is why P.P.E like hard hats were introduced because we identified hazards like this and realised this was the best plan of action. Objects falling from height can be very dangerous to the passing public when there is scaffolding being done on a busy main street for example, we now put measures In place so that the public has to be a certain distance away, as well as having netting theyre to try and catch the falling debris. Obviously workers are also injured and killed from falling objects quite regularly as well. Deep Excavations: Deep Excavations is where you have dug a rather large hole that requires foundations to keep the ground from caving inwards and crushing what ever is inside. Now obviously this is very dangerous job because there are a couple of major risks that are involved for example, the ground caving in around you, lack of oxygen in the tunnels, and digging in areas of danger. Ground Caving In: There is a great risk of the ground caving in while digging, the way around this problem is by creating foundations as you go along, these foundations will keep the sides from caving in, this is the most common danger when doing deep excavations, as sometimes people dont make strong foundations and the foundations could break leading to a cave in. Lack of Oxygen: There is a chance when working so low down that there will be a lack of oxygen, obviously we have found ways around this with Oxygen tanks and so on but, there is still a fear that the oxygen will be thin and cause you to pass out. Digging in areas of danger: There is also the danger of digging in dangerous areas when digging for example an electricity cable running along the ground, or major water pipes could also cause serious problems if damaged when digging. So it is very important to check the area that you are digging in properly to make sure that there isnt anything that could cause problems when digging. P4 Review and evaluate the main principle features of a risk assessment for these situations and determine the main differences between risks and hazards? Risk Assessments: There are four principle features of a risk assessment these are; Every employer must take an assessment of the risk to their works and non-employees at work, the risk assessment that has been taken must then be reviewed in case there is any changes needed to it, and then specific risk assessments must be carried out on young persons employed at work. These principles are very important they are what makes risk assessments work, if you dont stick to certain principles for example things could go wrong; Every employer must take and assessment of the risk to their works and non-employees at work, this is arguably the most important of the four as this is the base foundations for the rest, it is important to remember that the risk assessments that are taken are also for the public not just for employees. Secondly the undertaken risk assessment must be reviewed this is due to the fact that there could be a few risks missing, or on the other hand they might have added a few risks that werent there at all. There is also five main points to consider when doing a risk assessment these are: Identify the hazards, decide who might be harmed, evaluate the risks and precautions to be put in place, then record your findings and review your previous risk assessment and update it. Difference between a Risk and a Hazard: A Hazard is something that potentially has the ability to cause harm for example things like hot water/steam, electricity whereas a Risk is the likeliness of that said Hazard happening, for example electricity is being transferred threw a wire this is a potential hazard, there is no risk until the wire for example has been damaged, now there is a risk of being electrocuted so I becomes a risk. M1 Carry out a risk assessment for the task associated with the construction of a retaining wall. Remember to consider the 5 steps to a risk assessment. Introduction: First before I actually do a risk assessment Im going to quickly explain what a retaining wall is and make a diagram so it will be simpler to understand where I have found the risks and why I see them as risks. Retaining Walls: A retaining wall is a style of wall that is used more specifically for holding back dirt/stone back from a certain building/area; retaining walls if erected properly can be incredibly effective at fighting back erosion of the soil around the retaining wall. They are built by digging down and creating foundations and building the wall from the foundations up. D1 Justify your risk assessment strategy with accident records and data available and explain how you have taken all reasonable and practicable steps for control measures monitoring that you believe essential. Measures In Place I believe that we have taken all steps that are essential to control the dangers surrounding building a retaining wall, with a deep excavation for the foundations of the wall. We have found every hazard that we deem worthy of risk and rated said risk, we have put measures in place to make sure that these risks are avoided for example; when digging an deep excavation there is great risk that the ground can cave in from the sides, we get around this by making sure that we have safe solid foundations, making sure that they are maintained is vital as its no good having foundations if there going to break due to negligence. It is clear that its essential to have the right controls in place as the construction industry is a very dangerous place. So in conclusion I believe we have managed to cover every risk there, and as long as we stick to what measure that have been set we should be a lot safer than before. Data on accident records It is important to back up the risk assessment with recent data as to prove that there is a decline in people getting hurt and that the measures that we are putting in place over the years are making a difference. The first set of results shows the amount of injuries due to falling from heights in the construction industry between 1996 2008, the second set of results show the amount of injuries due to falling from heights in the construction industry between 2008 to 2009; it shows the three main types of injury, Fatal, Major and over 3 day injuries.

Genetically Modified Crops Essay -- GMOs Genetically Modified Foods

Genetically Modified Crops Genetically modified crops (GM crops) climb to the top on the hotly debated issues list of society. In 1996, no GM crops were cultivated on a commercial scale in the United States. In 2002, 75% of soya, 71% of cotton, and 34% of all maize grown in America is GM ("Grim Reaper" 1). Many issues surround this controversial topic such as safety, ethics, and foreign relations. Many of these concerns are well stressed in mass media, but sometimes biased views are the only ones presented. Safety with human health and the effects on the environment appear to be the strongest and most discussed subject matter. While issues of concern accompany the usage of GM crops, argument can be made to justify their production. HISTORY What many people do not know is that genetic modification has been going on since the founder of Genetics, Gregor Mendel, cross- bred his pea plants for different affects. Many of the flowers sold and bought in our society are mutations and mixing of genes. "The corn we eat today is the result of decades of · self-pollination followed by cross-pollination to produce vigorous hybrid plants" ("History" 3). For well over a century, playing with genes has given humans a more cost and space efficient means of mass-producing plants, whether that is corn, potatoes, strawberries or flowers. The National Research Council met in 1989 to discuss some concerns over field testing of GM organisms (GMOs). A report from the National Academy of Science said, "Crops modified by genetic engineering should pose risks that are no different from those of cops modified by classical genetic methods" (Hokanson 1). These classical methods range from Mendel's cross-breeding to wi... ...gy Products being Developed" Council for Agricultural Science and Technology December 2, 1999 "Public 'Misled' On GE Risk" Knowledge Centre par. 8; Feb 25, 2001: "Risks and Concerns" Center for Life Sciences and Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences Colorado State University Par. 12; August 19, 2002 Robinson, Clare. "GM Issues: An Introduction to the Scientific Issues of GM" John Innes Centre, Norwich, UK 2000: Stokstad, Erik. "A Little Pollen Goes a Long Way" Science Now July 1, 2002: 1-2. "What's Wrong with Genetic Engineering?" Organic Consumers Association Par.1;

My Ride Along Essay

My ride along wasn’t at all that exciting. It had a boring officer who seemed to not really want to have someone with him at the time. I did make the most of the time I had while I was there. I was very observant of the things that I saw around Polk county. For instance, the north side of Lakeland was more ghetto than the south side. It was completely noticeable just by how the business were kept and the type of stores that they have. We drove around a few times just to make sure nothing crazy was going on and kept it moving. I’m not one to force the issue of trying to start conversation. I can continue to sit in silence with is pretty much what was happening unless there was a call on the radio dispatch. One thing I can say is that if I ever became a cop and I was doing patrol I would need to have a partner, because I know I would go insane by myself for all types of hours of the night. I like having company and I know that I am more prone to being more aware when I ha ve someone to talk with, yet they also know we have a job to do. I’m a very sociable person when it comes to meeting people and doing things so for it to have been as quiet as it was, I felt awkward. I want to be able to talk and get to know a person, I just wouldn’t do that by myself. I liked the experience though to be able to patrol the city. I just wish it had more action in it. I got the boring ride it seems like compared to what everyone else in my class was talking about with their ride along. The way I thought my ride along was going to go was completely different. I thought I would show up like I was supposed to and I would get a patrol officer who was actually excited about having a student around for a ride along. I wanted to be able to watch the officer have to chase someone on foot and I just stand by and watch as he arrest the person and confiscate the drugs or whatever it is that they found on the person. After that, I figured we would drive around some more and stop and get coffee,we did that, and do some more patrolling. The later the night got I thought we would find some young kids out smoking or drinking underage and we would call in backup to get the group of kids off the streets and stop them from doing the nonsense that they thought was cool. After riding around I figured I would be able to talk about what I was getting my degree in criminal justice for. The talk would have gone pretty good and I would get a good insight as to what goes through  a patrol officers mind as to who they want to arrest and who they don’t want to arrest due to the significance of the situation. After all that, we would stop and get a bite to eat somewhere talk with some of the people wherever we decided to stop and get food just to have some random conversation and make everyone feel safer and confident in what their law enforcement was doing that night. I would get dropped off and go home. If that was the way my ride along would have went I would have felt a lot better and been able to be more enthusiastic about my ride along, but as you can see none of the even happened for me.

Psychology: Nervous System and William James

1. Professor Lewis studies the history of psychology. She would most likely agree with which of the following statements about psychology's early history? 2. In thinking about psychology and consciousness, the idea that the mind and the body are separate entities that interact makes a lot of sense to you. This view that you hold is most like the view of: 3. Interactive dualism is the idea that: Mind and body were separate entities that interact to produce sensations, emotions, and other conscious experiences. 4. Psychology is formally defined as:The scientific study of unconscious mental processes. 5. Wilhelm Wundt investigated which of the following phenomena? Wundt investigated basic sensory and perceptual processes. 6. Which of the following events do most historians consider to mark the formal beginning of psychology as a scientific discipline? In 1879 Wundt opened the first psychology research laboratory which marked psychology as an independent field of study. 7. Which early ap proach or â€Å"school† of psychology is associated with Wilhelm Wundt's student Edward Titchener? Structuralism 8.You are a subject in an experiment who is told: â€Å"Look at this apple very carefully and tell me your exact sensations and feelings as you experience them. † The experimenter in this study probably believes in what school of psychology? Structuralism 9. Which of the following people played a key role in establishing psychology as a scientific discipline in the United States? William James 10. Which school of psychology would agree that â€Å"psychology should stress the study of how behavior and mental processes allow people and animals to adapt to their environments†?Functionalism 11. Which of the following is a TRUE statement about Mary Whiton Calkins? 12. Who would have been most likely to say: â€Å"Why you behave the way you do is because of unconscious reasons, not reasons in your consciousness†? Sigmund Freud 13. Your therapist is v ery interested in your dreams, blocked memories, and slips of the tongue. On which approach to psychology is your therapist probably basing his psychotherapy? Psychoanalysis 14. Behaviorism was characterized by: observable behaviors that could be objectively measured and verified. 15. My goal is to discover how behavior is acquired and modified in response to environmental influences. † Such a statement would most likely be made by: William James 16. Who conditioned dogs to reflexively salivate to the sound of a bell rather than food? Ivan Pavlov 17. Two key figures in the development of humanistic psychology include: Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow 18. Which of the following people developed a theory of motivation that emphasized psychological growth? Carl Rogers 19. Humanistic psychology emphasized: In self-determination, free-will, and the importance of choice in human behavior. 0. The development of drugs that helped control the symptoms of severe psychological disorders an d development of techniques to study the human brain contributed to the importance of _____ psychology in recent decades. 21. Dr. Barongon is a psychotherapist who helps people develop choices and self-direction in striving to reach their fullest potential. Dr. Barongon probably subscribes to the Humanistic perspective of psychology. 22. The cognitive perspective of psychology focuses on: mental processes, including reasoning and thinking, problem soving, memory, perception, mental imagery, and language. 3. As a psychology researcher, you have found that the public expression of emotions differs among people from the United States, Japan, Switzerland, and Israel. This type of research fits best with which perspective in psychology? 24. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of collectivistic cultures? 25. In collectivistic cultures, a person's sense of identity: is interdependent with others 26. Ethnocentrism refers to the tendency to: judge other cultures by the standards o f our own culture. 27. Which of the following statements best characterizes the principle of natural selection? 28.Cognitive psychology focuses on the study of: studies how our brains perceive, process, interpret, and respond to internal and external stimuli. 29. Mrs. Brunberg works with children who have special needs, helping them to develop their intellectual and social skills. Mrs. Brunberg is most likely a _____ psychologist. 30. Lynn has just received a research grant to study the effect of downsizing on morale at a large computer company. Lynn is most likely a(n) _____ psychologist. 31. Which of the following is a FALSE statement about clinical psychologists? 32. Which of the following best represents psychology's basic goals? escribe, explain, predict, and influence behavior 33. Empirical evidence refers to evidence that is the result of: verifiable evidence based on objective observation, measurement and experimentation 34. A hypothesis is: A tentative statement about the r elationship between variables. 35. An operational definition is: A precise description of how the variables will be measured. 36. Which type of research method is used to show that one variable causes change in another variable? Independent variable 37. In contrast to the experimental method, the basic goal of the descriptive methods is to:observe and describe behavior. 8. Meta-analysis is: Used to analyze the results of several studies into a single analysis in order to identify overall trends. 39. The word replicate refers to: To repeat or duplicate a scientific study in order to increase confidence in the validity of the original findings. 40. When psychologists systematically observe and record behaviors as they occur in their natural settings, they are using a descriptive method called: they are using the descriptive method called naturalisticobservation. 41. A pseudoscience is a: A fake or false science that makes claims based on little or no scientific evidence. 2. A case stu dy is a(n): Highly detailed description of a single individual. 43. One potential problem with surveys and questionnaires is that: people may not report accurate information 44. A correlation coefficient is: Used to measure how an independent variable relates to dependent variable 45. The research method that is used to demonstrate a cause-and-effect relationship between changes in one variable and the effects on another variable is called: Independent Variable 46. In an experiment, the independent variable is the variable that is: The controlled factor in an experiment.It is hypothesized to cause an effect on another variable. 47. In an experiment, the dependent variable is: The measured facts. It is hypothesized to be affected. 48. Random assignment refers to a procedure that: Every subject in the study should have an equal chance of being placed in either the experimental or control group. 49. The purpose of the control group in an experiment is to: To have a group of stable and unchanged variables to compare and analyze results to. 50. The purpose of using a double-blind research design is to: help prevent the influence of inadvertent demand chatacterisitcs. 1. The ethical requirement of informed consent means that: purpose procedures risks confidentiality alternatives to participation costs compensation questions consent statement participation is voluntary 52. The branch of psychology that is focused on understanding the internal physical events and processes that correspond with our experiences and behavior is called: biological psychology 53. The branch of science that is concerned with the study of the nervous system is called: neuroscience 54. Which of the following is TRUE of glial cells? functions like glue Forms the myelin sheathAssist neurons in communicating with each other Removes waste products from neurons Nourishes neurons Besides the neuron, it also the other main type of cell in nervous system 55. The three basic types of neurons are: Sens ory Neurons, Motor Neurons, and Interneurons 56. Which part of the neuron receives messages from other neurons? Interneurons 57. The primary function of the myelin sheath is to: The primary function is to insulate the neuron cells so that it can conduct quickly. 58. The presynaptic neuron and the postsynaptic neuron are separated by a tiny, fluid-filled space called the: Synaptic Gap 9. Which of the following best defines a neurotransmitter? They are special chemical messengers manufactured by the neuron. 60. What happens to the neurotransmitters that fail to attach to a receptor site? They are reabsorbed by the presynaptic neuron so that they can be recycled and used again. 61. Like a key in a lock, the shape of the Neurotransmitters must fit the Receptor site to affect the postsynaptic neuron. 62. The neurotransmitter called acetylcholine: Is found in all motor neurons. It stimulates muscles to contract, including the heart and stomach muscles. 63.Parkinson's disease is caused by the degeneration of neurons that produce: Dopamine 64. Miguel jogs about five miles a day. At roughly the three-mile point, Miguel usually experiences a rush of positive feelings due to heavy levels of Endorphins. 65. The two main divisions of the nervous system are the Central nervous system and the Peripheral Nervous System. 66. In combination, the brain and spinal cord make up the: Motor neurons 67. The autonomic nervous system is composed of two different branches called the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic nervous systems. 68. Which of the following best defines neurogenesis?The development of new neurons. 69. Which represents the largest region of the brain? Cerebrum 70. The primary communication link between the left and right cerebral hemispheres is called: Corpus Callosum 71. The hippocampus plays a key role in: The ability to form new memories. 72. Of the following brain structures, which is associated with the emotional responses of fear, disgust, and anger? Amygdala 73. W hy was the split-brain operation first performed? It was performed to stop the patient’s seizures. 74. Functional plasticity: Refers to the brains ability to shift functions from damaged to undamaged brain. 75.The notion of structural plasticity: Refers to the brain’s ability to physically change its structure in response to learning, active practice, or environment stimulation. 76. In psychology, the term sensation formally refers to: The process of detecting a physical stimulus such as light, sound, heat, or pressure. 77. In contrast to sensation, the term perception is formally defined as the: Process of integrating, organizing, and interpreting sensory. 78. The process by which physical energy, such as light, is converted into a coded neural signal that can be transmitted to and interpreted by the brain is called: Transduction 9. The smallest possible stimulus that can be detected half the time, or the minimum level of stimuli that we can detect is called: The abso lute threshold 80. The smallest possible difference between two stimuli that can be detected is called the: absolute threshold 81. According to Weber’s Law, whether we can detect a change in the strength of a stimulus depends upon the intensity of the original stimulus. 82. Perception that is below the threshold of conscious perception is called: Subliminal Perception 83. John puts one toe into the swimming pool and shivers because the water is so cold.He grits his teeth and dives in anyway. After about ten minutes, the temperature of the water seems quite comfortable to him. This example illustrates the principle of: Sensory Adaption 84. Rods are used for vision in Dark light, and cones are used for vision in Bright light. 85. Which theory best explains color vision in humans? The trichromatic theory and opponent process theory. 86. The sense of hearing is also known as: Audition 87. As you walk into your office, you are almost overwhelmed by the strong smell of the cologne with which the copier repairman has doused himself.Because you have studied this chapter, however, you reassure yourself that sensory adaptation will occur and you will become much less aware of the odor in approximately: 88. The best candidates for hypnosis are people who: Approach the experience with positive, receptive attitudes. 89. A group of techniques that induce an altered state of focused attention and heightened awareness is a definition of: Meditation 90. Chemical substances that can alter arousal, mood, thinking, sensation, and perception are called: Psychoactive drugs 91. Taste is to gustation as smell is to olfaction. 92.According to your textbook, factors that can INCREASE the perception of pain include: Anxiety and a sense of helplessness. 93. You are able to maintain your equilibrium and balance because of the: Vestibular Sense 94. The term gestalt means: meaningful whole perceptions 95. The ability to accurately gauge the distance of the coffee cup on your desk as you reach for it is called: depth perception 96. As you walk on the beach, every detail of the rocks, shells, and sand beneath your feet seem crisp and distinct. As you look further down the beach, however, the details of the ground in the distance seem fuzzy and blurred.Because of the depth perception cue of texture gradient, you perceive the ground beneath your feet to be much closer than the ground that extends into the distance. 97. Distance cues that involve both eyes are called _____ cues. binocular 98. Distance cues that require the use of only one eye are called _____ cues. vestibular 99. It was the famous American psychologist named _____ who described consciousness as being like a river or a stream. William James 100. The term circadian rhythm refers to: any rhythmic change that continues at close to a 24 hour cycle in the absence of 24 hour cues. 01. Circadian rhythms that are drastically out of synchronization with daylight and darkness cues can produce: jet lag 102. If you are like most people, you experience a daily slump in your mental alertness around 3 o'clock each afternoon. This daily fluctuation in mental alertness is an example of: delta brain wave activity. 103. According to the activation-synthesis model of dreaming: dreams are a byproduct of physiological processes in the brain. 104. As you are reading this question, you are awake and alert. This means that your brain is generating beta brain waves. 105.Shortly after going to bed and as you are falling asleep, you experience the vividly realistic sensation that you are falling or tripping forward, which jolts you awake. This vivid sensation is a common example of: hypnologic hallucinations 106. As you are being monitored by sleep researchers, almost all of your brain activity comprises delta brain waves. This is a clear sign that you are in: stage 4 NREM sleep 107. According to the adaptive theory of sleep: sleep emerged in evolution 108. The most common sleep complaint among adults is: Insomnia 109. Somnambulism is also called: Sleep walking 110.The term nocturnal enuresis is: bedwetting 111. The parasomnias are: undesirable physical arousal, behaviors, or events during sleep or sleep transitions. 112. What is sexsomnia? abnormal sexual behaviors and experiences during sleep 113. In a study described in your text, research participants learned a new task before going to sleep. During the night, some participants were repeatedly awakened during NREM sleep, other participants during REM sleep. What did the researchers find when they tested the participants on the new skill the next day? 114. What is a lucid dream? When you can control your dreams 15. Who said, â€Å"In every dream an instinctual wish has to represented as fulfilled. † Sigmund Freud 116. Which of the following best defines hypnosis? A cooperative social interaction in which the hypnotized person responds to the hypnotists suggestions. 117. Pseudomemories: are false memories that can be inadve rtently created when under hypnosis 118. The most widely used psychoactive drug in the world is: Caffeine 119. Alcohol is classified as a: Depressant 120. Prolonged use of cocaine can: cause withdrawal symptoms. 121. Brandy is fond of attending all-night raves at a dance club near her home.Some of the raves are drug-free, but at one rave she saw a friend who was sweating profusely, chewing ice and a plastic pacifier, drinking large quantities of water, and hugging everyone in reach as he proclaimed his love for all humanity. Brandy suspected that her friend was probably high on _____. 122. Methamphetamine is a type of amphetamine that can be easily manufactured, provides an intense high, and causes a reduction in the brain's dopamine transporters and receptors. 123. _____ are highly addictive drugs that suppress appetite, produce euphoria, and reduce fatigue. Ecstacy 124. Which of the following is NOT classified as a stimulant?