Main Features Of A Computer System Information Technology Essay

Primary Features Of A Computer System Information Technology Essay The framework unit is the center of the PC framework. It is a rectangular box put on or underneath your work area. The case contains numerous electronic parts that procedure data, the focal handling units (CPU) is one of the primary segments. The microchip or the CPU goes about as the cerebrum of the PC; another part is the irregular access memory (RAM). It stores data that the CPU utilized when the PC is on. Slam data erases when the PC turned off. On the rear of the framework unit there are links plug into a particular ports. Fringe gadget or gadget (equipment) isn't a piece of the framework unit. Mouse is use to appear and choose things on the PC screen. The principal mouse looks somewhat like a genuine mouse these days we have various states of mice. It is associated with the framework unit by a long wire anyway since there are numerous innovative upgrades now we have remote mice. The mouse normally contains an essential fastens, a haggle optional catches. The wheel permits the client to look through the screens for data. The pointer may change its appearance depending where it is arrange on the screen. Essential catch chooses things on the screen by basically tapping on it. It is the essential method to collaborate with the PC. Console The fundamental utilization of the console is to type text into the PC, it contains letters and numerical keys. The console likewise has some extraordinary keys, for example, the capacity keys which is use to perform various capacities depended on where they are use. Numeric keypad approves the client to enter numbers in a speedier manner. The route keys perform nearly a similar undertaking as the mouse as it permits you to move your situation inside an archive or website page. Screen A screen shows a see capable type of the data text and illustrations on the PC screen. It resembles a TV as it shows still and moving imagined. There are two kinds of screens, the cathode beam tube (CRT) and the fluid precious stone showcase (LCD). They are both structure to make sharp pictures. The main contrasts between the two screens are: the cathode beam tube is empowering you to bear the cost of it as it is less expensive and the fluid precious stone is more slender and lighter. Speakers Speakers are use to hear the audio effects from the PCs and tune in to music. It is either worked in the framework unit or associated with the PC utilizing links. (http://course.fed.cuhk.edu.hk/s040643/EDD5169H/Computer%20Hardware.gif) Working framework A working framework is the basic interface that is associate with a PC and performs different capacities. It is programming that demonstrations like the center of PC framework. The essential elements of the working framework is the drivers and the security concerns. Drivers are projects to empower the activity of the gadgets extraordinarily the one introduced on the framework (mouse, console, printer, and so on). It deciphers the orders from working framework and furthermore interprets it once again from the part to the working framework. The working framework likewise performs different capacities, for example, investigate blunders and keeps up the framework. As PC programming is a human creation. It makes the working framework rests to mistakes so there are security concerns. Software engineers at some point commit errors that are regularly execute in the wake of testing while other programming designers give increasingly effective one. It implies that a portion of the working framework is increasingly inclined to mistakes while the other programming is progressively secure. Once in a while bugs in programming may deny the framework to speak with the equipment gadgets. The insecurities of the product may result to crashes, which comprise of freezing and inert. This outcome may change contingent upon the working framework. It can likewise prompt a point where the PC in to be reboot. The product bugs additionally permits unapproved client to get to the framework since its vulnerabilities empower the aggressors to endeavor and assume total responsibility for the framework. They can introduce Malware and assault different machines. So software engineers give security fixes instead of refreshing the working framework. Sorts of Operating framework Macintosh involves the medium range to top of the line therefore Mac are famously viewed as more costly than different pcs. In spite of the fact that Mac experiences moderately not many hacks, security gaps Mac OS x exists, much the same as in some other working framework. The Mac has seen noteworthy piece of the overall industry increments lately, something that has likewise expanded the measure of Mac-perfect programming. MS-DOS, which is short for circle working framework, is a working framework for PCs that utilizes an order line UI. The order line interface is hard to learn, and the language structure and orders are difficult for the easygoing client to recall. There are a few other working frameworks, for example, Linux and different windows. (http://ischoolsclsbatungbakal.files.wordpress.com/2009/06/working framework interfaces.jpg) 2. Investigate the various organizations of PC frameworks. Enormous associations utilize centralized server PCs. Centralized computers are use for applications, for example, Bulk Data Processing and Enterprise Resource Planning. Centralized computers can be use for a few little servers as it has the ability to have numerous working frameworks. Minicomputers additionally called workstations lie among centralized computers and microcomputers. They utilized transistor and center memory advances. The 12-piece PDP-8 minicomputer was the principal fruitful one. Work area can be use in a solitary area it is essentially utilized in work environments and families. The force utilization is less basic to that of workstations. Workstations can be scaled down, upgraded and it is convenient. Workstations are run utilizing battery or an outside battery. They have an inbuilt console, contact cushion (mouse) and LCD. 3.Describe the advancement of the processor over the most recent fifty years corresponding to the improvement of Personal PCs. A PC processor is the most characterizing thing that man concocted .It is one of the most trend setting innovations accessible. Since the improvement of the PC processors is developing each year. The processors speeds are truly elevated and as yet expanding. Processors are found wherever vehicles, cameras and so forth. Games reassures, advanced sound players and GPS gadget are one of the most high advances these days. The improvement of these advancements is getting increasingly confounded. In 1972 the main processor was made by Intel, it was a 4-piece processor (Intel 4004) with a 740 kHz. After which the subsequent processor was fabricated 16-piece processor that had a 5 MHz speed. IBM created a later form of the 8086 processor it was the principal PC developed. A few advancements were being made during this time where a later form was dispatch the Intel 486, which has a 32-bits, and with a speed of 16MHz. The idea of performing multiple tasks was the created where the processor was empower to run both genuine mode and ensured mode. The System Management Mode (SMM) were trait for power sparing and PCs went from Command line interface (CLI) to Windows, symbols, menu and pointing gadget (WIMP) connection. In 1993 the Pentium processor (Intel) came out with a speed of 60 MHz which next after was the Pentium II which has a speed of 233MHz, Pentium III has a speed of 450 MHz followed by Pentium 4 with a speed of 1.3 GHz. Intel initiated the Pentium M with a lower speed of 900 MHz. It has a force saver since the battery of the PC last more. In 2006 Core processor was presented which has a speed of 1.6 GHz, Core Duo has a virtualisation ability which permit the PC framework to perform multiple tasks on a similar PC. AMD in any event, being one off the processor producer it was not known until 1991 where they propelled the AM386 processor with a speed of 40 MHz (same capacity as the Intel 386). In 1999 Athlon Processor the vital contender to Pentium III was presented by the AMD with a speed of 500 MHz. It was the primary processor that arrived at 1 GHz around then. The Computer processor proceeds with their improvement to get the quickest processor. From 1975 the quantity of transistors utilized on a chip has twofold consistently. Programming developers will make more centers that will permit multi-string applications to be used. PCs will grow quick processors with sight and sound applications, for example, illustrations programming, video players so on. (Ref: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/history-of-PC processors.html) for dates and data. Intel Processor Generations Summary Age Intel CPU Approx. Year first Generation 8086 (1) 1980 Â . 80186 1981 Â . 80286 1982 second Generation 80286 (2) 1982 third Generation 80386 (3) 1987 fourth Generation 80486 (4) 1990 Â 5th Generation Pentium (5) 1993 Â 6th Generation Pentium Pro (6) 1995 Â . Pentium II 1996 Â . Confined. MMX 1997 . Celeron 1998 Â . Pentium 3 1999 Â 7th Generation Pentium 4 (7) 2000 Â . Celeron II 2000 Â . Duron 2000 eighth Generation Intel Core (8) 2006 (http://www.vaughns-1-pagers.com/PC/cpu-evolution.htm) (Macintoshes) Â (PCs) Outer Bits Inside Bits Intel CPU Approx. Year AMD CPU 8-piece 8080 1975 1976 8 16 8088 1977 8086 (1) 1980 16-piece 80186 1981 80286 1982 16 32 80286 (2) 1982 1985 32-piece 80386 (3) 1987 29000 80486 (4) 1990 1991 Pentium (5) 1993 32 64 1994 Â 586 64-piece Pentium Pro (6) 1995 Pentium II 1996 K5 Confined. MMX 1997 K6 Celeron 1998 Pentium 3 1999 Athlon 64 128 Pentium 4 (7) 2000 K7 Celeron II Duron 128-piece 2001 2002 128 256 2003 Â 256-bit 2004 2005 Intel Core (8) 2006 4. What are the SRAM, DRAM, ROM and Cache? Furthermore, how are their capacities distinctive in the Computer framework. SRAM that is static irregular access memory is more typical than the DRAM. Contrasted with a DRAM SRAM doesn't need to be invigorate and the entrance time is lower as w

Apush Chapter 15 Analysis Flashcard

Apush Chapter 15 Analysis

Where Im From

Winter/Summer/Where I’m From I spent this past IAP at home in Central Pennsylvania. This is where I grew up, from 13 to 18, and where I spend most of my IAPs and long weekends when I can. PA is colder than Boston, or it feels that way. In the winter the grass is covered in hoarfrost (???? in Russian, I learned) that melts during the day except in the shadow of the house. I call my grandmother on my dad’s side, which I only get to do when I visit my parents. We talk about vacations and compare temperatures (-5 here, -25 in Perm). We talk about my and Cory’s apartment garden, and why my radishes won’t grow (it’s not cold enough). I tell her about how my peas died, and how the onion and dill, which grow so well in Russia, have been four inches tall for the past four months. Winter in PA is grey trees against a warm, colorless sky, stillness, grey chimney smoke drifting, grey mountains. When night falls the pink streetlights light the forest from behind, the snow a white shadow on all the trees. In the summer the cold settles between the valleys. Mornings are foggy; nights are cold. On the 4th of July you can drive from town to town up and between the hills and see dozens of fireworks shows, a dozen at a time if you park under a mountain, each one lighting one small town and sometimes the nights before and after. The silence manifests itself as loud static at night in my city-trained ears. Next time I’m visiting it will be summer, and my thesis and my MIT education will be done. I wonder how it will feel to feel that silence when this is all over, in the same bed I slept in when I started high school, now a decade later at 24, my biggest dreams from that age achieved and I back where I started. Here’s an view of the town (top) and of  Shaver’s Creek, one of our favorite places to go walking (bottom).       Here’s parts of the town from Tussey, our ski spot.                     Finally, here’s something I wrote six and a half years ago (and reused in my MIT application) about helping teach canoe camps at Millbrook Marsh. The cove resonated with yells and the incessant thump and scrape of paddles against gunwales. Occasionally a louder voice called an instruction or a bit of advice, but for the most part the yells were from the kids, struggling against inexperience and each other for control of their canoes. Here, out on the lake, it was quieter. The yells bounced off the mountains but were deafened shadows by the time they untangled themselves from the lines of forest separating me from the canoe camp. Tomorrow would be their first day on moving water and six, seven boats would go over. After lunch they’d play games, and I’d do six, seven rescues per boat. But for now they were with another counselor, and some were on the beach, so this hour was mine. I dropped my paddle into the boat and leaned my hands on the black gunwales behind me. In half an hour they’d be scalding hot, but as yet the sun had heated them to just warmer than the air. I closed my eyes and dangled my feet over the bow in the cool water. I stayed there for a few minutes, letting the July sun pulse warmth into my skin like it did the gunwales. Occasionally the remains of a distant motorboat’s wake would rock my boat, but otherwise it was still. I’d drifted far enough from the cove for the air to be still as well, still and silent except for an occasional bird. Maybe I’d stay there longer, maybe I’d drop into the water and swim. Time stretched and spread itself through the lake and curved over the mountains. For once I had no schedule to follow, no places to be. I was just there, with the mountains and the lake and the sun, and this hour was mine.

Martin Luther King Jr. Uses a New Approach to End Segregation - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2773 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/07/01 Category Politics Essay Level High school Tags: Martin Luther King Essay Segregation Essay Did you like this example? Martin Luther King Jr. was a Baptist minister and social activist who lead the Civil Rights Movement, which was a movement in the United States from 1954 to 1968, whose goal was to end discrimination among blacks. Martin Luther King fought amongst other Civil Rights activists like Rosa Parks, Malcolm X, Bob Dylan, Jesse Jackson, etc.. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Martin Luther King Jr. Uses a New Approach to End Segregation" essay for you Create order These activists have become historic heroes , specifically to the Civil Rights Movement and has made significant actions and have had great effect on improving circumstances for the black community, but Martin Luther Kings unique leadership and ambition to end legal segregation against blacks was fundamental and an essential component to the movements success. Dr. Martin Luther King Jrs reliance upon non violent actions to illustrate the mistreatment and oppression of blacks, demonstrates that he was essential to the success of the Civil Rights movement. In Martin Luther Kings infamous I Have a Dream Speech he states Im committed to nonviolence absolutely. Im just not going to kill anybody, whether its in Vietnam or here, I will continue to preach it and teach it.. I plan to stand by nonviolence because I have found it to be a philosophy of life that regulates not only my dealings in the struggle for racial justice, but also my dealings with people, with my own self. I will still be faithful to nonviolence. Martin Luther King was undoubtedly dedicated to nonviolent protests and riots. He believed that killing anybody, anywhere was and shouldnt be justified under any circumstances. Throughout his leadership, he relentlessly taught and addressed issues with nothing less than effective and beneficial speeches. He stood by nonviolence because he found it to be a notion of life that dealt with the black community and himself. Martin Luther King Jr was an essential component to the Civil Rights Movement because of his belief in civil disobedience. Furthermore, his impact on the movement is unparalleled due to the effectiveness of his public speeches, such as his I Have A Dream speech. Similarly, according to Donna Batten Kings passion for nonviolence and justice shaped his economic views as well. While he fought for economic security and prosperity for all, King understood that violence has been the inseparable twin of materialism, the hallmark of its grandeur and misery. He argued the giant triplets of racism, materialism, and militarism were only capable of being conq uered when humanity evolved from a thing-oriented society to a person-oriented society.King was passionate about nonviolence and justice in the community helped to shape his economic perspective also. Although he fought for economic justice and ease for everyone, King had understood that materialism and violence had the same characteristics and that violence had been its emblem for heartache. He argued that the systematic racism and materialism were only able to be conquered when society emerged from a materialistic society. Martin Luther King was a fundamental element in the Civil Rights movement because of how devoted and faithful he continued to be to civil disobedience in the midst of the fight for justice and equal rights for the black community. Dr. Kings emphasis on non-violence as a strategy reached into other aspects of the Civil Rights movement as well, such as the Freedom Riders, therefore solidifying his significance in the movement. As stated in an article by Donna Batten The Freedom Rides were a type of nonviolent direct action designed to oppose segregation in interstate buses and bus stations. They were inspired in part by the 1960 Supreme Court decision Boynton v. Virginia, 364 U.S. 459, 81 S. Ct. 182, 5 L. Ed. 2d 206, which outlawed racial segregation in bus terminals and other places of public accommodation related to interstate transportation. Organized by CORE in 1961, the Freedom Rides were undertaken by six whites and seven blacks who rode two interstate buses from Washington, D.C., to New Orleans. Along the way, the riders deliberately violated segregation policies on the buses and in bus terminal rest rooms, waiting areas, and restaurants. The Freedom Riders were a kind of non belligerent group of black le aders designed to fight against systematic segregation and discrimination in interstate buses and bus stations in the community. They had been inspired by the Supreme Court decision in Boynton v. Virginia, which had prohibited segregation on buses and other places of public accommodation. In 1961, the Freedom Rides were tackled by 6 whites and 7 blacks who rode two interstate buses from Washington, D.C. to New Orleans. Meanwhile, the riders had knowingly violated segregation policies on the buses and in bus terminal restrooms, waiting areas, and restaurants. Dr. Kings civil disobedience behavior reached other international activist groups, who had made notably sufficient improvement in the fight for freedom for the African American community, which shows how important Martin Luther King and his firm reliance upon civil disobedience had been in the Civil Rights movement. Equivalently, as reported in another document by Donna Batten Although the 1961 Freedom Rides proceeded no farthe r than Jackson, Mississippi, they achieved their larger goal of inducing the federal government to enforce its laws. The administration of President Kennedy sent in U.S. marshals to protect the riders during the last part of their journey. An even clearer victory was achieved in September 1961 when the INTERSTATE COMMERCE COMMISSION abolished all segregated facilities in interstate transportation. Even though the 1961 Freedom Rides did not go any further than Mississippi, they produced an even bigger goal which included the federal government to enforce its laws. President Kennedy sent U.S. marshals to defend and look after the Freedom Riders during their final journey. An even bigger victory was obtained in 1969 when the ICC banned all segregated facilities in interstate transit. Dr. Martin Luther Kings leadership was a vital factor in the Civil Rights movement because the systematic segregation that had been integrated amongst the black community was gradually being banned because of Kings civil disobedience leadership influence upon the Freedom Riders and other international activist groups. Not only was his civil disobedience strategy impactful with the Freedom Riders, but was also an essential component to the success of Montgomery Bus Boycott. According to Don Cravens By the mid-1960s, the nature of the civil rights movement began to change. African Americans, who had been united in their support of activities such as the Montgomery bus boycott, began to diverge in their views over what political action should be taken to improve their situation. Members of different groups within the movement increasingly expressed their dissatisfaction with other groups. More radical groups, including the Black Muslims and black power proponents, voiced discontent with the limited goals of the civil rights movement and its advocacy of nonviolence. By the 1960s, the essence of the civil rights movement began to transform. African Americans had been undivided in their backing of activities like the Montgomery Bus Boycott and began to deviate in their perspective over what political op erations should be taken to revise their situation. Black Muslims and black power groups expressed their dissatisfaction with other groups. They also articulated discontent with narrow goals of the civil rights movement and its assistance of nonviolence. Martin Luther King changed the perspective of the Civil Rights movement by being committed to his civil disobedience leadership strategy and made prominent groups make enormous transformations as far as different approaches over what actions to take while fighting for equal rights in the black community. Likewise, according to Montgomery Bus Boycott by Don Cravens Martin Luther King Jr. achieved international recognition for his leadership of the boycott, earning particular admiration for his advocacy of nonviolent resistance. A group of southern black religious leaders who had given their support to the boycott met a few weeks after the boycott had ended and decided to establish a formal organization to coordinate civil rights effo rts throughout the South. They formed the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), which went on to become one of the movements most visible and effective organizations. The SCLC elected King as its first president.MLK gained international recognition for his administration of the boycott, earning distinct applause for his advocacy of nonviolent resistance. Black leaders had given their full support to the boycott that MLK had started, soon after met to establish an organization to coordinate civil rights efforts throughout the South. They also formed one of the most visible and effective organizations in the Civil Rights movement. The movement elected Martin Luther King as their first president. King was responsible for making successful changes and influential groups that gained international recognition which made Martin Luther King leadership an essential component to the Civil Rights movement because of the Montgomery Bus Boycott and its successful impact upon the syste matic oppression and segregation. In addition to the Montgomery Bus Boycott, Kings experience in Birmingham jail demonstrate his effectiveness in the Civil Rights movement. To give an example, K. Lee Lerner states Letter from a Birmingham Jail can be seen as one of the best justifications of nonviolence as a political strategy ever articulated. Influenced by Indian leader Mahatma Gandhis concept of satyagraha, King used love as the instrument to overthrow the violent hatred of white racists. In Birmingham, Connor was the violent racist. On May 2, hundreds of black schoolchildren, at the urging of the SCLC, marched from the Sixteenth Street Baptist Church into the arms of arresting officers. Within a week, more than 2,000 children were in police custody. Connor could not control his anger any longer. Under his command, the police turned German shepherds upon the protesters, in a scene that reminded many observers of Nazi Germany. The marchers who failed to disperse were then assaulted with high-pressure water hoses.T he infamous letter Letter from a Birmingham Jail is seen as one of the most outstanding justifications of nonviolence of a political strategy ever expressed. King was influenced by an Indian leader Mahatma Gandhi, to abolish the violent hatred of racists and used love as an instrument to conquer. Martin Luther King showed the violence wasnt the only nor the right answer to gain civil rights for the black community and could be achieved through other ways like his leadership that contained nonviolence and effective outcomes which made him a necessary part of the Civil Rights movement. In agreement to K Lee Lerner, Government, politics, and protests states that The Birmingham campaign sealed Kings reputation as the outstanding moral and political leader of the Civil Rights Movement. His strategy of nonviolence had succeeded dramatically. He had turned civil rights into a national security concern. Although not the first black leader to advocate the philosophy of nonviolence, King was the first to implement it on a mass scale with evolutionary consequences The Birmingham campaign established MLKs reputation as the superior moral and political leader of the Civil Rights movement. His approach to the situation of the black community had succeeded tremendously. He revolved the civil rights into a national security concern. He wasnt the first to promote nonviolence, but King was the first to put it into action with revolutionary consequences. Martin Luther Kings prestige reputation leadership had turned the civil rights movement into something bigger than anyone could have envisioned. There were revolutionary improvement because of his unique approach to the civil rights movement. His leadership was influential and effective to reduce violent strategies and approach. Therefore, his leadership was an essential component to the civil rights movement. Besides Kings experience in Birmingham jail being able to demonstrate his effectiveness in the Civil Rights movement, prayer, was used throughout the Civil Rights Movement. Prayer before marches, speeches, and risky rallies was another way that Martin Luther King Jr was an essential part in the Civil Rights Movement. Michael Curtotti states that He drew on biblical precedents for civil disobedience to the law, on the ground that a higher moral law was at stake. Human rights, as he conceived them, do not depend on the decision of any human agency. As a consequence, they can never be overridden by any human decision. It is a perspective which in the final analysis places human rights beyond the reach of any tyrant, no matter how powerful, and beyond the reach of any rationalisation offered by the powerful that claims a justification for the oppression of human beings. Martin Luther King added biblical authority to the civil disobedience to the law. Human rights did not depend on the v erdict of any human agency. As a repercussion, they can never be overridden by any human decision. It was a view of which the final analysis places human right beyond the reach of any oppressor, no matter how powerful the person. Not only did he believe that the oppressor and systematic segregation be conquered by civil disobedience but through prayer also, his leadership was an effective component in the civil rights movement. Donna Batten in a article states that Prayer was a wellspring of strength and inspiration during the Civil Rights Movement. Throughout the movement, we prayed for greater human understanding. We prayed for the safety of our compatriots in the freedom struggle. We prayed for victory in our nonviolent protests, for brotherhood and sisterhood among people of all races, for reconciliation and the fulfillment of the Beloved Community.Martin Luther Kings prayer throughout the movement was a origin incentive. During the movement, the black community prayed for victo ry in protests and also prayed for unity of brotherhood and sisterhood among people of all ethnic backgrounds. In conclusion, during the Civil Rights movement, there was a tremendous amount of anger and desolation in the black community. The fight to end racial segregation and discrimination brought about countless numbers of destructive rampage and mass numbers of injuries and deaths in predominantly black neighborhoods. Dr. Martin Luther King believed that the key to alter and progressively make changes Prayer was believed to be a noteworthy element in the success of the Civil Rights movement but building strong relationships between those of the black community is important to make significant progress and Martin Luther King insisted on brotherhood, which made him an significant component to the success of the Civil Rights Movement. According to Martin Luther King in his American Dream speech All Im saying is simply this, that all life is interrelated. And we are caught in an inescapable network of mutuality, tied in a single garment of destiny † whatever affects one directly, affec ts all indirectly. For some strange reason I can never be what I ought to be until you are what you ought to be, and you can never be what you ought to be until I am what I ought to be. This is the interrelated structure of reality. I think this is the first challenge and it is necessary to meet it in order to move on toward the realization of the American Dream, the dream of men of all races, creeds, national backgrounds, living together as brothers. MLK believes that, as brothers, whatever affects one person affects all. He believed that no one could be what they ought to be or live up to their full potential if there was no unity. All men of all races must come together as one, so that one could be what they ought to be. Brotherhood was believed to be one of the most effective strategies in the civil rights movement, as it was constantly used to form activist groups, riots, peaceful sit ins, and strikes. Martin Luther Kings belief in brotherhood was an essential component in the success of the civil rights movement. In accordance with Martin Luther King, the American Dream speech also states that Beyond the calling of race or nation or creed is this vocation of sonship and brotherhood. Because I believe that the Father is deeply concerned, especially for His suffering and helpless and outcast children, I come tonight to speak for them. This I believe to be the privilege and the burden of all of us who deem ourselves bound by allegiances and loyalties which are broader and deeper than nationalism and which go beyond our nations self-defined goals and positions. We are called to speak for the weak, for the voiceless, for the victims of our nation, for those it calls enemy, for no document from human hands can make these humans any less our brothers.Martin Luther King believes that brotherhood was effective and made improvement in the process of trying to gain civil rights for the black community. In the black community was to participate in and construct non violent protests and speeches, being a social influence, writing letters that had effective results, christianity, and brotherhood which made Martin Luther King Jr. was an essential component in the success of the Civil Rights movement.

Sophocles Oedipus Essay - 1370 Words

Sophocles Oedipus You can Run, but you can’t Hide Sixteenth century play writers often focused on the tragic irony of fate. One such play-writer is Sophacles. In one of his later plays, â€Å"Oedipus†, he writes the tragic story of a man who can’t avoid his pre-destined fate, and that some things just can’t be changed by the people in your life no matter how hard they try. Oedipus, the main character of this tragedy, he is a protagonist ruled by conflict and fate. This is evident in the characters traits and motivations, interactions with others, and the characters language and what others say about him. Destined to kill his father and marry his own mother Oedipus is cursed. When people find out about the curse, Laius, the king of†¦show more content†¦He takes pride in his lifestyle and feels as though it is all his own works. He demonstrates time and time again his undoubtedly remarkable ability to rule the kingdom. Oedipus was always ready to handle the tragedies of his people. Weather it was his inhe rited gift, or adapted wit, Oedipus was always ready to handle any trials his people faced. He was especially arrogant because he felt he has escaped his predestined fate. â€Å"Similarly, fifth century Athenians struggled over many religious issues. As humanism grew in Athens, many citizens, particularly those in leadership positions, saw themselves as increasingly independent of the gods. They questioned whether their lives were results of fate or free will.† He naively believed he had outsmarted Apollo’s curse by running away. This of course added to his ego. Throughout most of the play, Oedipus was happier pretending he was an accomplished man with a successful marriage and picture perfect lifestyle. He chooses to block out inconvenient facts about his past throughout his adulthood. Oedipus is motivated in the beginning of the play by his determination to break the curse of Apollo. He flees his town in hopes of dodging his given fate. This is the first instance in where readers are able to see his over confident ways. Although the curse of murdering your own father and marrying your mother is horrific, only Oedipus would dare to challenge the gods. His motivations as king were to uphold his feelings of superiorityShow MoreRelatedSophocles Oedipus The King1714 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"ideal tragedy† is the play â€Å"Oedipus the King† written by Sophocles. In this play, Sophocles utilizes the concept of tragedy as well the theory of the importance of scenes of recognition and reversal to create a setting, tone, and mood throughout the play. Oedipus, the mythical king of Thebes, goes through a horrendous tragedy which includes moments of recognition and reversal. These moments are key to the fame and appreciation for the play, â€Å"Oedipus the King†. Sophocles’ use of Aristotle’s conceptsRead MoreSophocles Oedipus The King992 Words   |  4 PagesThroughout tragedies in Greek literature, the hero always has one tragic flaw. In Sophocles’ Oedipus the King, Oedipus’ main flaw is his overactive hubris, which in turn clouds his overall judgment. This is evident in the Chorus’ first ode to the city of Thebes as they try to ask the Gods for the banishment of the plague. Their answer does not come from a deity, but from Oedipus himself as he enters the palace and says, â€Å"You have prayed; and you prayers shall be answered with help and release ifRead MoreSophocles Oedipus The King2037 Words   |  9 PagesSophocles’s Oedipus the King features a chorus that sings several odes over the course of the play. In Sophocles’s play, the chorus is composed of old Theban men and represents the population of Thebes as a whole. The chorus recites a parodos, four stasima, and a br ief exodus. Through the choral odes, Sophocles reflects on the events and motifs of the play, including piety and faith in the Gods, the inevitability and the uncertainty of fate, and the dichotomy of right and wrong. After Sophocles establishesRead MoreOedipus the King by Sophocles614 Words   |  2 Pagesâ€Å"Oedipus the King† is a tragic Athenian play written and produced around 425 B.C. by Sophocles; a tragic dramatist, priest, and one of the three great ancient Greek writers whose excellent work has survived the centuries. The play takes place in mythical ancient Greece in a city called Thebes. It’s about a prophecy foretelling the murder of king Laius by his own son, Oedipus (protagonist), and the incestuous marriage between mother (Jocasta) and son (oedipus). The discovery of the truth broughtRead MoreOedipus The King By Sophocles1509 Words   |  7 Pagesman highly esteemed and prosperous who falls into misfortune because of a tragic flaw in the morality of the character: examples, Oedipus and Thyestes (Dodds, 1966, p. 38).† Aristotle’s definition of a tragic hero has lasted the strains of time, because during Aristotle time he was rarely questioned on hi s teachings or practices. The play Oedipus the King by Sophocles changed the way tragic plays where viewed in early Greek times, this allows readers to identify with Oedipus’s moral flaw which createsRead MoreSophocles Oedipus The King884 Words   |  4 PagesKing of Thebes, owner of a family tree that identically resembles Medusa on a bad hair day, and the inspiration for a psychologically-riveting complex, Oedipus, tragic hero of Sophocles’ Oedipus the King, exposes troubling truths about the human condition and, acting as an exemplary precaution for the entirety of humanity, demonstrates how a self-destructive struggle between love, anger, and fate, conveyed through an unorthodox love affair between mother and son (Who gets custody in a divorce?),Read MoreOedipus Rex, Sophocles1252 Words   |  6 PagesOedipus the ideal Tragic Hero Kelli Richards Liberty University Abstract In the play Oedipus Rex, Sophocles portrays Oedipus who is also the main character, as a good- natured, beautiful, noble yet narcissistic person who has a lapse of judgment and fall from power. Throughout the play Oedipus makes a few profound decisions for which he is condemned to plentiful suffering;Read MoreOedipus The King By Sophocles904 Words   |  4 Pages In Sophocles play â€Å"Oedipus the King† a deadly plague has descended upon the kingdom of Thebes, and because of this plague a dark and iniquitous secret begins to unravel itself only to reveal a web of events connecting Oedipus and others as the culprits behind all the havoc ensued. No one is the sole source responsible for the unfortunate events that befall Thebes, as well as the royal family; In fact, those who unknowingly paved the path of destruction were themselves trying to prevent it fromRead MoreOedipus The King, By Sophocles1407 Words   |  6 PagesWhen we think about a tragic play or protagonist, most people would think Shakespeare for his common theme of his plays to end with a tragedy. In Oedipus the King, written by Sophocles, tells the tale of the protagonist Oedipus. Throughout the play, Oedipus searched for his past to discover the reason why his kingdom is plagued with wilting crops and illnesses. In the end, he becomes a tragic protagonist after discove ring his past was related to the previous king’s death. While the search progressedRead MoreOedipus the King by Sophocles1393 Words   |  6 Pages Sophocles’ play, Oedipus the King, has risen many questions concerning the main character and whether or not he acts on free will or if his future is predestined by the gods. I am going to test the theory that although Oedipus believes he is acting on his own free will, he is in fact a victim of the gods. I will analyze several different sources that discuss fate and human agency in Oedipus the King and then proceed to build my original argument on the archaic debate. There has been a great deal

The Twilight Saga 2 New Moon Chapter 21 VERDICT Free Essays

string(35) " our party as we entered the room\." WE WERE IN A BRIGHTLY LIT, UNREMARKABLE HALLWAY. The walls were off-white, the floor carpeted in industrial gray. Common rectangular fluorescent lights were spaced evenly along the ceiling. We will write a custom essay sample on The Twilight Saga 2: New Moon Chapter 21 VERDICT or any similar topic only for you Order Now It was warmer here, for which I was grateful. This hall seemed very benign after the gloom of the ghoulish stone sewers. Edward didn’t seem to agree with my assessment. He glowered darkly down the long hallway, toward the slight, black shrouded figure at the end, standing by an elevator. He pulled me along, and Alice walked on my other side. The heavy door creaked shut behind us, and then there was the thud of a bolt sliding home. Jane waited by the elevator, one hand holding the doors open for us. Her expression was apathetic. Once inside the elevator, the three vampires that belonged to the Volturi relaxed further. They threw back their cloaks, letting the hoods fall back on their shoulders. Felix and Demetri were both of a slightly olive complexionit looked odd combined with their chalky pallor. Felix’s black hair was cropped short, but Demetri’s waved to his shoulders. Their irises were deep crimson around the edges, darkening until they were black around the pupil. Under the shrouds, their clothes were modern, pale, and nondescript. I cowered in the corner, cringing against Edward. His hand still rubbed against my arm. He never took his eyes off Jane. The elevator ride was short; we stepped out into what looked like a posh office reception area. The walls were paneled in wood, the floors carpeted in thick, deep green. There were no windows, but large, brightly lit paintings of the Tuscan countryside hung everywhere as replacements. Pale leather couches were arranged in cozy groupings, and the glossy tables held crystal vases full of vibrantly colored bouquets. The flowers’ smell reminded me of a funeral home. In the middle of the room was a high, polished mahogany counter. I gawked in astonishment at the woman behind it. She was tall, with dark skin and green eyes. She would have been very pretty in any other companybut not here. Because she was every bit as human as I was. I couldn’t comprehend what this human woman was doing here, totally at ease, surrounded by vampnes. She smiled politely in welcome. â€Å"Good afternoon, Jane,† she said. There was no surprise in her face as she glanced at Jane’s company. Not Edward, his bare chest glinting dimly in the white lights, or even me, disheveled and comparatively hideous. Jane nodded. â€Å"Gianna.† She continued toward a set of double doors in the back of the room, and we followed. As Felix passed the desk, he winked at Gianna, and she giggled. On the other side of the wooden doors was a different kind of reception. The pale boy in the pearl gray suit could have been Jane’s twin. His hair was darker, and his lips were not as full, but he was just as lovely. He came forward to meet us. He smiled, reaching for her. â€Å"Jane.† â€Å"Alec,† she responded, embracing the boy. They kissed each other’s cheeks on both sides. Then he looked at us. â€Å"They send you out for one and you come back with two and a half,† he noted, looking at me. â€Å"Nice work.† She laughedthe sound sparkled with delight like a baby’s cooing. â€Å"Welcome back, Edward,† Alec greeted him. â€Å"You seem in a better mood.† â€Å"Marginally,† Edward agreed in a flat voice. I glanced at Edward’s hard face, and wondered how his mood could have been darker before. Alec chuckled, and examined me as I clung to Edward’s side. â€Å"And this is the cause of all the trouble?† he asked, skeptical. Edward only smiled, his expression contemptuous. Then he froze. â€Å"Dibs,† Felix called casually from behind. Edward turned, a low snarl building deep in his chest. Felix smiledhis hand was raised, palm up; he curled his fingers twice, inviting Edward forward. Alice touched Edward’s arm. â€Å"Patience,† she cautioned him. They exchanged a long glance, and I wished I could hear what she was telling him. I figured that it was something to do with not attacking Felix, because Edward took a deep breath and turned back to Alec. â€Å"Aro will be so pleased to see you again,† Alec said, as if nothing had passed. â€Å"Let’s not keep him waiting,† Jane suggested. Edward nodded once. Alec and Jane, holding hands, led the way down yet another wide, ornate hallwould there ever be an end? They ignored the doors at the end of the halldoors entirely sheathed in goldstopping halfway down the hall and sliding aside a piece of the paneling to expose a plain wooden door. It wasn’t locked. Alec held it open for Jane. I wanted to groan when Edward pulled me through to the other side of the door. It was the same ancient stone as the square, the alley, and the sewers. And it was dark and cold again. The stone antechamber was not large. It opened quickly into a brighter, cavernous room, perfectly round like a huge castle turret which was probably exactly what it was. Two stories up, long window slits threw thin rectangles of bright sunlight onto the stone floor below. There were no artificial lights. The only furniture in the room were several massive wooden chairs, like thrones, that were spaced unevenly, flush with the curving stone walls. In the very center of the circle, in a slight depression, was another drain. I wondered if they used it as an exit, like the hole in the street. The room was not empty. A handful of people were convened in seemingly relaxed conversation. The murmur of low, smooth voices was a gentle hum in the air. As I watched, a pair of pale women in summer dresses paused in a patch of light, and, like prisms, their skin threw the light in rainbow sparkles against the sienna walls. The exquisite faces all turned toward our party as we entered the room. You read "The Twilight Saga 2: New Moon Chapter 21 VERDICT" in category "Essay examples" Most of the immortals were dressed in inconspicuous pants and shirtsthings that wouldn’t stick out at all on the streets below. But the man who spoke first wore one of the long robes. It was pitch-black, and brushed against the floor. For a moment, I thought his long, jet-black hair was the hood of his cloak. â€Å"Jane, dear one, you’ve returned!† he cried in evident delight. His voice was just a soft sighing. He drifted forward, and the movement flowed with such surreal grace that I gawked, my mouth hangmg open. Even Alice, whose every motion looked like dancing, could not compare. I was only more astonished as he floated closer and I could see his face. It was not like the unnaturally attractive faces that surrounded him (for he did not approach us alone; the entire group converged around him, some following, and some walking ahead of him with the alert manner of bodyguards). I couldn’t decide if his face was beautiful or not. I suppose the features were perfect. But he was as different from the vampires beside him as they were from me. His skin was translucently white, like onionskin, and it looked just as delicateit stood in shocking contrast to the long black hair that framed his face. I felt a strange, horrifying urge to touch his cheek, to see if it was softer than Edward’s or Alice’s, or if it was powdery, like chalk. His eyes were red, the same as the others around him, but the color was clouded, milky; I wondered if his vision was affected by the haze. He glided to Jane, took her face in his papery hands, kissed her lightly on her full lips, and then floated back a step. â€Å"Yes, Master.† Jane smiled; the expression made her look like an angelic child. â€Å"I brought him back alive, just as you wished.† â€Å"Ah, Jane.† He smiled, too. â€Å"You are such a comfort to me.† He turned his misty eyes toward us, and the smile brightenedbecame ecstatic. â€Å"And Alice and Bella, too!† he rejoiced, clapping his thin hands together. â€Å"This is a happy surprise! Wonderful!† I stared in shock as he called our names informally, as if we were old friends dropping in for an unexpected visit. He turned to our hulking escort. â€Å"Felix, be a dear and tell my brothers about our company. I’m sure they wouldn’t want to miss this.† â€Å"Yes, Master.† Felix nodded and disappeared back the way we had come. â€Å"You see, Edward?† The strange vampire turned and smiled at Edward like a fond but scolding grandfather. â€Å"What did I tell you? Aren’t you glad that I didn’t give you what you wanted yesterday?† â€Å"Yes, Aro, I am,† he agreed, tightening his arm around my waist. â€Å"I love a happy ending.† Aro sighed. â€Å"They are so rare. But I want the whole story. How did this happen? Alice?† He turned to gaze at Alice with curious, misty eyes. â€Å"Your brother seemed to think you infallible, but apparently there was some mistake.† â€Å"Oh, I’m far from infallible.† She flashed a dazzling smile. She looked perfectly at ease, except that her hands were balled into tight little fists. â€Å"As you can see today, I cause problems as often as I cure them.† â€Å"You’re too modest,† Aro chided. â€Å"I’ve seen some of your more amazing exploits, and I must admit I’ve never observed anything like your talent. Wonderful!† Alice flickered a glance at Edward. Aro did not miss it. â€Å"I’m sorry, we haven’t been introduced properly at all, have we? It’s just that I feel like I know you already, and I tend get ahead of myself. Your brother introduced us yesterday, in a peculiar way. You see, I share some of your brother’s talent, only I am limited in a way that he is not.† Aro shook his head; his tone was envious. â€Å"And also exponentially more powerful,† Edward added dryly. He looked at Alice as he swiftly explained. â€Å"Aro needs physical contact to hear your thoughts, but he hears much more than I do. You know I can only hear what’s passing through your head in the moment. Aro hears every thought your mind has ever had.† Alice raised her delicate eyebrows, and Edward inclined his head. Aro didn’t miss that either. â€Å"But to be able to hear from a distance† Aro sighed, gesturing toward the two of them, and the exchange that had just taken place. â€Å"That would be so convenient.† Aro looked over our shoulders. All the other heads turned in the same direction, including Jane, Alec, and Demetri, who stood silently beside us. I was the slowest to turn. Felix was back, and behind him floated two more black-robed men. Both looked very much like Aro, one even had the same flowing black hair. The other had a shock of snow-white hairthe same shade as his facethat brushed against his shoulders. Their faces had identical, paper-thin skin. The trio from Carlisle’s painting was complete, unchanged by the last three hundred years since it was painted. â€Å"Marcus, Caius, look!† Aro crooned. â€Å"Bella is alive after all, and Alice is here with her! Isn’t that wonderful?† Neither of the other two looked as if wonderful would be their first choice of words. The dark-haired man seemed utterly bored, like he’d seen too many millennia of Aro’s enthusiasm. The other’s hice was sour under the snowy hair. Their lack of interest did not curb Aro’s enjoyment. â€Å"Let us have the story,† Aro almost sang in his feathery voice. The white-haired ancient vampire drifted away, gliding toward one of the wooden thrones. The other paused beside Aro, and he reached his hand out, at first I thought to take Aro’s hand. But he just touched Aro’s palm briefly and then dropped his hand to his side. Aro raised one black brow. I wondered how his papery skin did not crumple in the effort. Edward snorted very quietly, and Alice looked at him, curious. â€Å"Thank you, Marcus,† Aro said. â€Å"That’s quite interesting.† I realized, a second late, that Marcus was letting Aro know his thoughts. Marcus didn’t look interested. He glided away from Aro to join the one who must be Caius, seated against the wall. Two of the attending vampires followed silently behind himbodyguards, like I’d thought before. I could see that the two women in the sundresses had gone to stand beside Caius in the same manner. The idea of any vampire needing a guard was faintly ridiculous to me, but maybe the ancient ones were as frail as their skin suggested. Aro was shaking his head. â€Å"Amazing,†Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ he said. â€Å"Absolutely amazing.† Alice’s expression was frustrated. Edward turned to her and explained again in a swift, low voice. â€Å"Marcus sees relationships. He’s surprised by the intensity of ours.† Aro smiled. â€Å"So convenient,† he repeated to himself. Then he spoke to us. â€Å"It takes quite a bit to surprise Marcus, I can assure you.† I looked at Marcus’s dead face, and I believed that. â€Å"It’s just so difficult to understand, even now,† Aro mused, staring at Edward’s arm wrapped around me. It was hard for me to follow Aro’s chaotic train of thought. I struggled to keep up. â€Å"How can you stand so close to het like that?† â€Å"It’s not without effort,† Edward answered calmly. â€Å"Butstillla tua cantante! What a waste!† Edward chuckled once without humor. â€Å"I look at it more as a price.† Aro was skeptical. â€Å"A very high price.† â€Å"Opportunity cost.† Aro laughed. â€Å"If I hadn’t smelled her through your memories, I wouldn’t have believed the call of anyone’s blood could be so strong. I’ve never felt anything like it myself. Most of us would trade much for such a gift, and yet you† â€Å"Waste it,† Edward finished, his voice sarcastic now. Aro laughed again. â€Å"Ah, how I miss my friend Carlisle! You remind me of himonly he was not so angry.† â€Å"Carlisle outshines me in many other ways as well.† â€Å"I certainly never thought to see Carlisle bested for self-control of all things, but you put him to shame.† â€Å"Hardly.† Edward sounded impatient. As if he were tired of the preliminaries. It made me more afraid; I couldn’t help but try to imagine what he expected would follow. â€Å"I am gratified by his success,† Aro mused. â€Å"Your memories of him are quite a gift for me, though they astonish me exceedingly. I am surprised by how it pleases me, his success in this unorthodox path he’s chosen. I expected that he would waste, weaken with time. I’d scoffed at his plan to find others who would share his peculiar vision. Yet, somehow, I’m happy to be wrong.† Edward didn’t reply. â€Å"But your restraint!† Aro sighed. â€Å"I did not know such strength was possible. To inure yourself against such a siren call, not just once but again and againif I had not felt it myself, I would not have believed.† Edward gazed back at Aro’s admiration with no expression. I knew his face well enoughtime had not changed thatto guess at something seething beneath the surface. I fought to keep my breathing even. â€Å"Just remembering how she appeals to you† Aro chuckled. â€Å"It makes me thirsty.† Edward tensed. â€Å"Don’t be disturbed,† Aro reassured him. â€Å"I mean her no harm. But I am so curious, about one thing in particular.† He eyed me with bright interest. â€Å"May I?† he asked eagerly, lifting one hand. â€Å"Ask her,† Edward suggested in a flat voice. â€Å"Of course, how rude of me!† Aro exclaimed. â€Å"Bella,† he addressed me directly now. â€Å"I’m fascinated that you are the one exception to Edward’s impressive talentso very interesting that such a thing should occur! And I was wondering, since our talents are similar in many ways, if you would be so kind as to allow me to tryto see if you are an exception for me, as well?† My eyes flashed up to Edward’s face in terror. Despite Aro’s overt politeness, I didn’t believe I really had a choice. I was horrified at the thought of allowing him to touch me, and yet also perversely intrigued by the chance to feel his strange skin. Edward nodded in encouragementwhether because he was sure Aro would not hurt me, or because there was no choice, I couldn’t tell. I turned back to Aro and raised my hand slowly in front of me. It was trembling. He glided closer, and I believe he meant his expression to be reassuring. But his papery features were too strange, too alien and frightening, to reassure. The look on his face was more confident than his words had been. Aro reached out, as if to shake my hand, and pressed his insubstantial-looking skin against mine. It was hard, but felt brittleshale rather than graniteand even colder than I expected. His filmy eyes smiled down at mine, and it was impossible to look away. They were mesmerizing in an odd, unpleasant way. Aro’s face altered as I watched. The confidence wavered and became first doubt, then incredulity before he calmed it into a friendly mask. â€Å"So very interesting,† he said as he released my hand and drifted back. My eyes flickered to Edward, and, though his face was composed, I thought he seemed a little smug. Aro continued to drift wnh a thoughtful expression. He was quiet for a moment, his eyes flickering between the three of us. Then, abruptly, he shook his head. â€Å"A first,† he said to himself â€Å"I wonder if she is immune to our other talents Jane, dear?† â€Å"No!† Edward snarled the word. Alice grabbed his arm with a restraining hand. He shook her off. Little Jane smiled up happily at Aro. â€Å"Yes, Master?† Edward was truly snarling now, the sound ripping and tearing from him, glaring at Aro with baleful eyes. The room had gone still, everyone watching him with amazed disbelief, as if he were committing some embarrassing social faux pas. I saw Felix grin hopefully and move a step forward. Aro glanced at him once, and he froze in place, his grin turning to a sulky expression. Then he spoke to Jane. â€Å"I was wondering, my dear one, if Bella is immune to you.† I could barely hear Aro over Edward’s furious growls. He let go of me, moving to hide me from their view. Caius ghosted in our direction, with his entourage, to watch. Jane turned toward us with a beatific smile. â€Å"Don’t!† Alice cried as Edward launched himself at the little girl. Before I could react, before anyone could jump between them, before Aro’s bodyguards could tense, Edward was on the ground. No one had touched him, but he was on the stone floor writhing in obvious agony, while I stared in horror. Jane was smiling only at him now, and it all clicked together. What Alice had said about formidable gifts , why everyone treated Jane with such deference, and why Edward had thrown himself in her path before she could do that to me. â€Å"Stop!† I shrieked, my voice echoing in the silence, jumping forward to put myself between them. But Alice threw her arms around me in an unbreakable grasp and ignored my struggles. No sound escaped Edward’s lips as he cringed against the stones. It felt like my head would explode from the pain of watching this. â€Å"Jane,† Aro recalled her in a tranquil voice. She looked up quickly, still smiling with pleasure, her eyes questioning. As soon as Jane looked away, Edward was still. Aro inclined his head toward me. Jane turned her smile in my direction. I didn’t even meet her gaze. I watched Edward from the prison of Alice’s arms, still struggling pointlessly. â€Å"He’s fine,† Alice whispered in a tight voice. As she spoke, he sat up, and then sprang lightly to his feet. His eyes met mine, and they were horror-struck. At first I thought the horror was for what he had just suffered. But then he looked quickly at Jane, and back to meand his face relaxed into relief. I looked at Jane, too, and she no longer smiled. She glared at me, her jaw clenched with the intensity of her focus. I shrank back, waiting for the pain. Nothing happened. Edward was by my side again. He touched Alice’s arm, and she surrendered me to him. Aro started to laugh. â€Å"Ha, ha. ha,† he chuckled. â€Å"This is wonderful!† Jane hissed in frustration, leaning forward like she was preparing to spring. â€Å"Don’t be put out, dear one,† Aro said in a comforting tone, placing a powder-light hand on her shoulder. â€Å"She confounds us all.† Jane’s upper lip curled back ever her teeth as she continued to glare at me. â€Å"Ha, ha, ha,† Aro chortled again. â€Å"You’re very brave, Edward, to endure in silence. I asked Jane to do that to me oncejust out of curiosity.† He shook his head in admiration. Edward glared, disgusted. â€Å"So what do we do with you now?† Aro sighed. Edward and Alice stiffened. This was the part they’d been waiting for. I began to tremble. â€Å"I don’t suppose there’s any chance that you’ve changed your mind?† Aro asked Edward hopefully. â€Å"Your talent would be an excellent addition to our little company.† Edward hesitated. From the corner of my eye, I saw both Felix and Jane grimace. Edward seemed to weigh each word before he spoke it. â€Å"I’d rather not.† â€Å"Alice?† Aro asked, still hopeful. â€Å"Would you perhaps be interested in joining with us?† â€Å"No, thank you,† Alice said. â€Å"And you, Bella?† Aro raised his eyebrows. Edward hissed, low in my ears. I stared at Aro blankly. Was he joking? Or was he really asking me if I wanted to stay for dinner? It was the white-haired Caius who broke the silence. â€Å"What?† he demanded of Aro; his voice, though no more than a whisper, was flat. â€Å"Caius, surely you see the potential,† Aro chided him affectionately. â€Å"I haven’t seen a prospective talent so promising since we found Jane and Alec. Can you imagine the possibilities when she is one of us?† Caius looked away with a caustic expression. Jane’s eyes sparked with indignation at the comparison. Edward fumed beside me. I could hear a rumble in his chest, building toward a growl. I couldn’t let his temper get him hurt. â€Å"No, thank you,† I spoke up in barely more than a whisper, my voice breaking in fright. Aro sighed. â€Å"That’s unfortunate. Such a waste.† Edward hissed. â€Å"Join or die, is that it? I suspected as much when we were brought to this room. So much for your laws.† The tone of his voice surprised me. He sounded irate, but there was something deliberate about his deliveryas if he’d chosen his words with great care. â€Å"Of course not.† Aro blinked, astonished. â€Å"We were already convened here, Edward, awaiting Heidi’s return. Not for you.† â€Å"Aro,† Caius hissed. â€Å"The law claims them.† Edward glared at Caius. â€Å"How so?† he demanded. He must have known what Caius was thinking, but he seemed determined to make him speak it aloud. Caius pointed a skeletal finger at me. â€Å"She knows too much. You have exposed our secrets.† His voice was papery thin, just like his skin. â€Å"There are a few humans in on your charade here, as well,† Edward reminded him, and I thought of the pretty receptionist below. Caius’s face twisted into a new expression. Was it supposed to be a smiled. â€Å"Yes,† he agreed. â€Å"But when they are no longer useful to us, they will serve to sustain us. That is not your plan for this one. If she betrays our secrets, are you prepared to destroy her? I think not,† he scoffed. â€Å"I wouldn’t,† I began, still whispering. Caius silenced me with an icy look. â€Å"Nor do you intend to make her one of us,† Caius continued. â€Å"Therefore, she is a vulnerability. Though it is true, for this, only her life is forfeit. You may leave if you wish.† Edward bared his teeth. â€Å"That’s what I thought,† Caius said, with something akin to pleasure. Felix leaned forward, eager. â€Å"Unless† Aro interrupted. He looked unhappy with the way the conversation had gone. â€Å"Unless you do intend to give her immortality?† Edward pursed his lips, hesitating for a moment before he answered. â€Å"And if I do?† Aro smiled, happy again. â€Å"Why, then you would be free to go home and give my regards to my friend Carlisle.† His expression turned more hesitant. â€Å"But I’m afraid you would have to mean it.† Aro raised his hand in front of him. Caius, who had begun to scowl furiously, relaxed. Edward’s lips tightened into a fierce line. He stared into my eyes, and I stared back. â€Å"Mean it,† I whispered. â€Å"Please.† Was it really such a loathsome idea? Would he rather die than change me? I felt like I’d been kicked in the stomach. Edward stared down at me with a tortured expression. And then Alice stepped away from us, forward toward Aro. We turned to watch her. Her hand was raised like his. She didn’t say anything, and Aro waved off his anxious guard as they moved to block her approach. Aro met her halfway, and took her hand with an eager, acquisitive glint in his eyes. He bent his head over their touching hands, his eyes closing as he concentrated. Alice was motionless, her face blank. I heard Edward’s teeth snap together. No one moved. Aro seemed frozen over Alice’s hand. The seconds passed and I grew more and more stressed, wondering how much time would pass before it was too much time. Before it meant something was wrongmore wrong than it already was. Another agonizing moment passed, and then Aro’s voice broke the silence. â€Å"Ha, ha, ha,† he laughed, his head still bent forward. He looked up slowly, his eyes bright with excitement. â€Å"That was fascinating!† Alice smiled dryly. â€Å"I’m glad you enjoyed it.† â€Å"To see the things you’ve seenespecially the ones that haven’t happened yet!† He shook his head in wonder. â€Å"But that will,† she reminded him, voice calm. â€Å"Yes, yes, it’s quite determined. Certainly there’s no problem.† Caius looked bitterly disappointeda feeling he seemed to share with Felix and Jane. â€Å"Aro,† Caius complained. â€Å"Dear Caius,† Aro smiled. â€Å"Do not fret. Think of the possibilities! They do not join us today, but we can always hope for the future. Imagine the joy young Alice alone would bring to our little household Besides, I’m so terribly curious to see how Bella turns out!† Aro seemed convinced. Did he not realize how subjective Alice’s visions were.’ That she could make up her mind to transform me today, and then change it tomorrow? A million tiny decisions, her decisions and so many others’, tooEdward’scould alter her path, and with that, the future. And would it really matter that Alice was willing, would it make any difference if I did become a vampire, when the idea was so repulsive to Edward? If death was, to him, a better alternative than having me around forever, an immortal annoyance? Terrified as I was, I felt myself sinking down into depression, drowning in it â€Å"Then we are free to go now?† Edward asked in an even voice. â€Å"Yes, yes,† Aro said pleasantly. â€Å"But please visit again. It’s been absolutely enthralling!† â€Å"And we will visit you as well,† Caius promised, his eyes suddenly half-closed like the heavy-lidded gaze of a lizard. â€Å"To be sure that you follow through on your side. Were I you, I would not delay too long. We do not offer second chances.† Edward’s jaw clenched tight, but he nodded once. Caius smirked and drifted back to where Marcus still sat, unmoving and uninterested. Felix groaned. â€Å"Ah, Felix.† Aro smiled, amused. â€Å"Heidi will be here at any moment. Patience.† â€Å"Hmm.† Edward’s voice had a new edge to it. â€Å"In that case, perhaps we’d better leave sooner rather than later.† â€Å"Yes,† Aro agreed. â€Å"That’s a good idea. Accidents do happen. Please wait below until after dark, though, if you don’t mind.† â€Å"Of course,† Edward agreed, while I cringed at the thought of waiting out the day before we could escape. â€Å"And here,† Aro added, motioning to Felix with one finger. Felix came forward at once, and Aro unfastened the gray cloak the huge vampire wore, pulling from his shoulders. He tossed it to Edward. â€Å"Take this. You’re a little conspicuous.† Edward put the long cloak on, leaving the hood down. Aro sighed. â€Å"It suits you.† Edward chuckled, but broke off suddenly, glancing over his shoulder. â€Å"Thank you, Aro. We’ll wait below.† â€Å"Goodbye, young friends,† Aro said, his eyes bright as he stared in the same direction. â€Å"Let’s go,† Edward said, urgent now. Demetri gestured that we should follow, and then set off the way we’d come in, the only exit by the look of things. Edward pulled me swiftly along beside him. Alice was close by my other side, her face hard. â€Å"Not fast enough,† she muttered. I stared up at her, frightened, but she only seemed chagrined. It was then that I first heard the babble of voicesloud, rough voicescoming from the antechamber. â€Å"Well this is unusual,† a man’s coarse voice boomed. â€Å"So medieval,† an unpleasantly shrill, female voice gushed back. A large crowd was coming through the little door, filling the smaller stone chamber. Demetri motioned for us to make room. We pressed back against the cold wall to let them pass. The couple in front, Americans from the sound of them, glanced around themselves with appraising eyes. â€Å"Welcome, guests! Welcome to Volterra!† I could hear Aro sing from the big turret room. The rest of them, maybe forty or more, filed in after the couple. Some studied the setting like tourists. A few even snapped pictures. Others looked confused, as if the story that had led them to this room was not making sense anymore. I noticed one small, dark woman in particular. Around her neck was a rosary, and she gripped the cross tightly in one hand. She walked more slowly than the others, touching someone now and then and asking a question in an unfamiliar language. No one seemed to understand her, and her voice grew more panicked. Edward pulled my face against his chest, but it was too late. I already understood. As soon as the smallest break appeared, Edward pushed me quickly toward the door. I could feel the horrified expression on my face, and the tears beginning to pool in my eyes. The ornate golden hallway was quiet, empty except for one gorgeous, statuesque woman. She stared at us curiously, me in particular. â€Å"Welcome home, Heidi,† Demetri greeted her from behind us. Heidi smiled absently. She reminded me of Rosalie, though they looked nothing alikeit was just that her beauty, too, was exceptional, unforgettable. I couldn’t seem to look away. She was dressed to emphasize that beauty. Her amazingly long legs, darkened with tights, were exposed by the shortest of miniskirts. Her top was long-sleeved and high-necked, but extremely close-fitting, and constructed of red vinyl. Her long mahogany hair was lustrous, and her eyes were the strangest shade of violeta color that might result from blue-tinted contacts over red irises. â€Å"Demetri,† she responded in a silky voice, her eyes flickering between my face and Edward’s gray cloak. â€Å"Nice fishing,† Demetri complimented her, and I suddenly understood the attention-grabbing outfit she wore she was not only the fisherman, but also the bait. â€Å"Thanks.† She flashed a stunning smile. â€Å"Aren’t you coming?† â€Å"In a minute. Save a few for me.† Heidi nodded and ducked through the door with one last curious look at me. Edward set a pace that had me running to keep up. But we still couldn’t get through the ornate door at the end of the hallway before the screaming started. How to cite The Twilight Saga 2: New Moon Chapter 21 VERDICT, Essay examples

Healthcare theory of Kohlberg-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Evaluate the Influence of Kohlbeg's Theory of Moral Development. Answer: The essay aims to evaluate the influence of Kohlbergs theory of moral development in healthcare practice. Relationship between an occupation and relevant ethical reasoning has been a subject of extensive study in recent times, a more so in the field of healthcare as nurses and doctors frequently face moral and ethical problems in their profession. Following the framework of Piagets model of cognitive thinking Kohlberg devised a theory of moral development having three high-order levels, each subdivided into two stages. The three high-order stages comprised of Pre-conventional level, Conventional level and Post-conventional level or principled level, each represents fundamental shift in an individual perception of morality (Gibbs, 2013). His theory concluded that a persons modal development largely interacted with social situations and conventions. A person tends to change their perception of morality when faced with challenging situation or situations that strongly oppose their already existing moral beliefs. He postulated that movement through the levels of moral reasoning were universal and strictly sequential. The pre-conventional stage reflects an egocentric perspective. In the next level the moral perspective shift from self to ideas accepted by a group or community and lastly the post conventional level includes thinking beyond both self and society. The healthcare professionals mostly operate in levels IV and V which are social order-maintaining stage and social-contract orientation respectively (Prescott, Becket Wilson, 2014). In health care studies have found moral differences based on gender as well as type of profession. Such as doctors are found to be more inclined towards justice perspective while nurses towards care perspective. These differences are often attributed to factors such as gender and established standards. It is evident that healthcare professionals belong to particular stages of Kohlbergs theory of moral development. Any deviation from the accepted standards may reflect lack of effective care which is highly undesirable, particularly in this field of profession. References Gibbs, J. C. (2013).Moral development and reality: Beyond the theories of Kohlberg, Hoffman, and Haidt. Oxford University Press. Prescott, J., Becket, G., Wilson, S. E. (2014). Moral development of first-year pharmacy students in the United Kingdom.American journal of pharmaceutical education,78(2), 36.

Midwest High-Speed Rail essays

Midwest High-Speed Rail essays Where would America be without the train? The train and rail are as much a part of American heritage as the land itself. The train connected the east to the west. Trains ushered in the industrial revolution of the later 19th century. Trains not only ushered in industry, but also commerce America into the next century. The high-speed rail proposed to the Midwest will bring people in its cities closer together by the way of lowered cost and travel time. It will create jobs and help finance other important state programs with the revenue it creates. The beauty of the state will be preserved as it runs cleaner than other transits. When up and running theses trains will hopefully cut down the amount of travel on busy interstates which will further benefit our environment. Indiana should proudly be a part and share its weight of such an auspicious event. The question now is whether or not Indiana will help fund Amtrack's new train system. Under Amtrack's proposed plan, called the Midwest Regional Rail Initiative (MMRI), it has been projected that the total capital cost for their Midwest High-Speed Rail, is $3.5 billion. The proposed cost will be divided up by having the federal government contribute 80% of the capital cost, while then allowing the nine states to pick up the remaining 20%. With the nine states only having to pay 20% of a 3.5 billion dollar project cost how could any state pass up this chance. By the year 2010 the MMRI will be up and running and generate a projected total 471 million in revenue. The operation cost per year is only estimated at 347 million, which leaves each state with a nice 14 million to help finance new state project or older state project s that could never be worked into the budget before. Travel time is also a nice quality to the MMRI. What ever the travel time on other convectional forms of transportations will be cut down by at least 2 hours. A trip from Ch ...

Chalicotherium Facts and Figures

Chalicotherium Facts and Figures Name: Chalicotherium (Greek for pebble beast); pronounced CHA-lih-co-THEE-ree-um Habitat: Plains of Eurasia Historical Epoch: Middle-Late Miocene (15-5 million years ago) Size and Weight: About nine feet high at the shoulder and one ton Diet: Plants Distinguishing Characteristics: Horse-like snout; clawed feet; longer front than hind legs About Chalicotherium Chalicotherium is a classic example of the bizarre megafauna of the Miocene epoch, about 15 million years ago: this gigantic mammal is virtually unclassifiable, having left no direct living descendants. We do know that Chalicotherium was a perissodactyl (that is, a browsing mammal possessing an odd number of toes on its feet), which would make it a distant relative of modern horses and tapirs, but it looked (and probably behaved) like no plus-sized mammal alive today. The most notable thing about Chalicotherium was its posture: its front legs were significantly longer than its hind legs, and some paleontologists believe that it brushed the knuckles of its front hands along the ground when it walked on all fours, a bit like a modern gorilla. Unlike todays perissodactyls, Chalicotherium had claws instead of hooves, which it probably used to rope in vegetation from tall trees (a bit like another prehistoric mammal it vaguely resembled, the giant sloth Megalonyx, which lived a few million years later). Another odd thing about Chalicotherium is its name, Greek for pebble beast. Why would a mammal that weighed at least a ton be named after a pebble, rather than a boulder? Simple: the chalico part of its moniker refers to this beasts pebble-like molars, which it used to grind down the soft vegetation of its Eurasian habitat. (Since Chalicotherium shed its front teeth during adulthood, leaving it bereft of incisors and canines, this megafauna mammal was clearly unsuited to eating anything except fruits and tender leaves.) Did Chalicotherium have any natural predators? Thats a tough question to answer; clearly, a full-grown adult would have virtually impossible for a single mammal to kill and eat, but sick, aged and juvenile individuals may have been preyed on by contemporary bear dogs like Amphicyon, especially if this distant canine ancestor had the ability to hunt in packs!

The Accuracy of Eyewitness Testimony and Repressed Memories Essay

The Accuracy of Eyewitness Testimony and Repressed Memories - Essay Example Although many people rely on eyewitness testimony, there are a huge number of factors which can influence the way that a victim or other witness recalls the perpetrator of a crime. For example, the stress of being a victim of, or viewing, a crime can mean that some people remember certain elements more vividly or psychologically adapt the memory to make it more bearable (Loftus, 1994). Additionally, there is evidence that cross-racial identification issues, meaning that many eyewitnesses have proven difficulty identifying a perpetrator from a race other than their own (Buckhout, 1974). Pressure from law enforcement agencies can also make a difference, as those who cannot correctly remember the individual in question may feel forced to make a rash judgment that does not correlate with the real criminal (Loftus, 1996). Another common problem that comes from identifying a perpetrator comes from the fact that the witness usually assumes that the actual criminal is present in the line-up, and thus will feel forced to choose from one of those presented to him or her (Loftus, 1996). However, line-ups can be composed of a group of people that happen to fit the description given, or those who were in the area at the time and do not always contain the perpetrator (Loftus, 1996). Police and law enforcement can help to prevent this problem by giving line-up instructions that inform the witness of this fact and ensuring that the witness does not feel pressure to make an immediate judgment, although this does not always work in practice (Bernstein, Penner, Clarke-Stewart & Roy, 2011). It is also a common belief that people can repress memories of traumatic events and then later retrieve these memories (using counseling or otherwise), which could then be used in a court of law. This idea is still really controversial amongst psychologists, with some believing that there

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 14

Assignment Example The new equilibrium was not set on the intersection of S1 and D curve at the point E1. Here the new price was P1. From the diagram, we can see that the government policy has decreased the prices from P to P1 and increased the sales from Q to Q1. c) The result of this policy would have been that more cars were scrapped rather than entering the market for second-hand used cars. This would have considerably reduced the supply in the second-hand car market. As a result of this, the supply curve would have moved to left, increasing the prices in the second hand market and reducing quantity of cars being sold in the second hand market. 3) Opportunity cost is the next best alternative forgone by choosing the best option. The opportunity costs for government of the UK’s government for financing this scheme could have been improving the road infrastructure in the metros of the United Kingdom. This means that by choosing to finance this scheme, the government is not being able to pursue its other aims. a) The price elasticity of demand is responsiveness of demand to the changes in price of cars. Since, in London people have a higher income, it is considered as status symbol and because it has become somewhat a necessity, as a result people have higher price elasticity of demand in London than in South west, where people have a comparatively lower income and less class consciousness. i) This can be done by informing people about the environmental benefits of the car and by telling them that these cars would eventually save them a lot of money, once the oil prices go out of control. ii) This will help the firm to raise prices without losing too much of their customers. Consumers often shift away from the product if the price of a product increases, in case of high price elasticity of demand. So, the firms can benefit by low price

Participant Observation Social Desirability And Operational Definition Psychology Essay

Participant Observation Social Desirability And Operational Definition Psychology Essay 1- Short notes on Participant Observation, Social desirability and operational Definition a- Participant Observation Participant Observation is a humanistic as well as a scientific method that produces a kind of experiential knowledge that allow a researcher talk convincingly. This method of fieldwork produces effective and positive knowledge and it involves getting very close to people and making them feel comfortable with researchers presence so that he can observe and record information about their lives (Bernard, p. 2006, p. 342). Participant observer is basically carrying out a naturalistic approach to conducting research and it seems to be a commitment that attempts to adopt the perspectives of studies shared in the day to day experiences. Participant observation has been described as an ongoing and intensive observing, listening and speaking with some explanations (Ely, 1991, p. 42). Many researchers use participant observation as an umbrella term for all qualitative data gathering and data handling. Participant observation includes going out or staying out in search for qualitative data gathering, and thus the observer may learn a new language in order to express the experiences about the lives of people that the researcher comes to know. With this type of research approach, the researcher is prompted to be immersing himself in a specific culture and also learning how he can get rid of the same immersion so that he will be able to intellectualize what he has seen and heard. He will express them in writing, speaking to others and will try to convince others (Bernard, p. 2006, p. 344). Participant observation is therefore more likely to be a fieldwork, but all fieldworks are in contrary not participant observation. Social Desirability Social desirability is a major source of response bias in conducting a survey research. Some times, participants in a survey research show social desirability bias as their answers reflect an attempt to enhance social desirable characteristics or attempt to minimize certain social undesirable characteristics. Social desirability has been defined as a tendency to give culturally sanctioned and socially approved answers for a survey research to provide socially desirable responses to describe oneself in terms judged as desirable and to present one-self favorably (Craighead and Nemeroff, 2002, p. 1557). Social desirability affects the accuracy of data to be gathered. It is mainly influenced by the way questions are prepared or asked. Many of survey research questions are more likely to create chances of social desirability so that respondents answer questions in a pre-made answer formats. Engel and Schutt (2005, p. 234) stressed that social desirability effects are more likely to occur when discussing issues that are of controversial in nature or when researcher expresses a view that is not popular or not widely accepted. When survey researcher or interviewer asks the participants with certain ready-made questions, especially when the questions have highly desirable answers, respondents feel conflicts between a desire to conform to the definition of good respondent behaviour and a desire to respond and appear to the interviewer to be in a socially desirable category. In surveys with pre-made multiple choice questions, social desirability is more likely to occur among the respondents. Operational Definition An operational definition, in the context of data collection and research, is an obvious, brief, complete and careful description of a measure. Social scientist uses operational definition as a measure to explain various conceptual terms (Sprague, Stuart and Bodary, 2008, p. 205). As different types of data were gathered, operational definition is very fundamental. The operational definition is a significant one in a situation at which the decision is to be taken about something regarding whether it is correct or not, or something having the confusion about its accuracy and usefulness. The data can be collected any time but it should be made clear that how to collect data and how it will be processed. Without processing the data, meaningful information may not be maintained. The ambiguity may arise while people viewing different opinions and it will negatively affect the data collection. Forming a detailed and consistent operational definition helps eliminate such ambiguity. If data are collected by comprising errors on it or about a product line, for instnace, it may lead to selecting a defective product and probably rejecting a good one. Similarly, when some accounting transactions or other business invoices are inspected to see errors among them, the data collection may not be treated as meaningful unless the term error has not been made clear. Lewis (2010, p. 417) asserted that an operational definition is required in order to maintain almost same meaning and understanding of a problem mainly to get it solved. It is because, operational definition establishes a language that communicates same meaning to everyone involved in solving the issue. 2. Explain the hypothesis testing procedure, using an example. Developing and testing of hypothesis are critical steps in most researches. Hypothesis testing is a statistical procedure that helps a researcher use sample data to draw inferences about the population according to researchers interest. As far primary data collection is concerned, observing every individual in a population is practically impossible or difficult to be conducted and therefore most researchers depend on sample surveying and thus sample data are used to help answer specific research questions. Hypothesis testing has been defined as a process of deciding whether a null hypothesis is to be accepted or rejected in favor of an alternative hypothesis. In hypothesis testing, there wont be any errors in decision making if the null hypothesis is rejected when it is false and also if it is accepted when it is true. Sample data being collected is the base for taking decision regarding whether to reject or accept the null hypothesis. The statistical hypothesis is an assumption about an unknown population parameter and hypothesis starts from an assumption that is termed as hypothesis. A hypothesis cannot be accepted or rejected on the basis of intuitions or on the basis of general assumptions that researchers have while conducting the research. Process of Hypothesis Testing In hypothesis testing, the researcher first assumes that the hypothesis is true. The researcher then collects data to test the hypothesis. Based on the data being collected, the researcher will calculate the confidence interval and probability for the hypothesis to become true. In this calculation and assessment, in the probability of hypothesis to be true is smaller than the pre-set level, the hypothesis will be rejected (Vaughan, 2001, p. 59). Though hypothesis testing can be different from situation from situation, or from project to project, the general process involved in hypothesis testing remains almost same. Hypothesis test is thus a statistical method that uses simple data to evaluate a hypothesis for studying a population. Following are the logics and steps involved in hypothesis testing: The researcher first states a hypothesis about a population. In general research contexts, the hypothesis concern the population values in parameter. Before the researcher selects a sample, the hypothesis will be used to predict the characteristics and specifications that the sample must have. The sample also requires being similar to the population and the researcher should always expect certain amounts and levels of errors. Next, the researcher obtains a random sample from the population. Finally, the researcher makes a comparison and analysis between the sample data obtained and the data that were predicted for the hypothesis. If this comparison shows that the sample mean is consistent with prediction, it will be concluded that the hypothesis is reasonable. Similarly, if it shows that there is big discrepancy between the sample data and prediction, then the hypothesis will be reckoned to be wrong (Gravetter and Wallnau, 2008, p. 189). Example for hypothesis Testing For instance, a researcher wants to find out knowledge and expertise of a universitys students in terms of their familiarity with university library and the amount of time they spend in library. Various journalism programs have been arranged to make students more aware of the library use and other relevant matters that are important to them. Do this journalism programs affect the amount of time that students spend in library? This is the main issue to be found out with the research. A random sample survey has been conducted from around 40 students in the number of hours they spend in the library in a week. As previously thought, students were spending around 5 hours per week in the library, but it is required to test whether students spend more than that after the journalism programs. This hypothesis testing includes following steps: a) Formulating two competing hypothesis, namely null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis, b) Calculating the test statistics by using the latest sample data being collected. c) Determining the probability that the null hypothesis is true based on the test statistics d) Comparing the pre-set value or pre-determined value with probability value (Vaughan, 2001, p. 59- 62). Briefly explain the following (i.e., what it is; what its used for, etc.). Null hypothesis There are various types of tests in statistics. In research and hypothesis testing in particular, null hypothesis plays very significant role. Hypothesis is statements that researchers, or decision makers or analysts believe to be true. This statement will be verified by using statistical tests. Practically, hypothesis is employed in pairs. Out of the two hypotheses, the first one is normally stated in negative forms, for instance, stating as something is not true, or the variable is not related etc. this negative form is termed as null hypothesis and the other is alternative hypothesis. Null hypothesis is represented by the symbol H0 and alternative hypothesis H1 or H2 (Downing and Clark, 2010, p. 66) The tested statement in statistics is called the null hypothesis because it is often in the form like there is no relationship between a variable and b variable, or both x and y are not related etc. Before testing the measure, the researcher or statistician may draw only two probabilities, X = y and X ≠  y. When a statistician observes a result likely to be so, then that assumption is called alternative hypothesis, and the opposite assumption is called null hypothesis (Howell, 2007, p. 152). For instance, an investigation is required to know the average ability of students in a class (X standard) in the co-scholastic area. They assumed that it will be above 50. Then the x≠¥ 50 is an alternative hypothesis and x< 50 is null hypothesis. The test revealed that the average ability is 70, H0: m < 50 H1: m ≠¥50. 20 is therefore population standard deviation Replicability A research which has replicability is often considered to be more accurate. When a researcher adopts almost the same procedures with similar settings and systems of research and surveying used by another researcher and this helps him obtain similar findings, the research can be said to be replicable. To be replicable is also considered to be an important tenet of an effective scientific research as well (Holloway, 1997, p. 137). Langbein and Felbinger (2006, p. 33) noted, replicability of a research helps the researcher make empirical claims more defensible and clearly objective. If the research lacks replicability, the conclusion and claim would be considered to be personal opinion and causal observation. Replicability of a research thus makes conclusions more traceable. Qualitative research may not as replicable as quantitative mainly because the relationship between the researcher and the participant in the research seems to be unique and cannot be replicated. Moderator variable Normally, there are two main variables in a research; they are independent and dependent variables. But, some time, there can be a moderate variable, which is a special type of variable that the investigator has chosen to determine how the relationship between independent and dependent variables is affected (Brown, 1998, p. 11). In simple terms, moderate variable is a third variable that affects the relationship between independent and dependent variables. As moderator variable affects the relationship between the independent and dependent variables in a research, it takes form of or plays roles of expressions like specification, contingency, conditional and qualification etc. For example, Mr Joseph decides to study Chinese and the issue to be considered is his study of Chinese for one year and his expertise or proficiency in that language may vary for male and females. In this example, Josephs study of Chinese is independent variable, his proficiency in Chinese is dependent variable and there is one point to be debated, which is whether the proficiency will vary from male to females. Proficiency variation between male and female is arguably moderator variable. Cross-sectional study A cross sectional study is part of sampling or surveying involving observations of a sample of a population or phenomenon that are made at one point in a time. Both exploratory and descriptive research methodologies are often considered to be cross sectional study (Babbie, 2008, p. 111). In a cross sectional study, the researcher or the investigator would make all of his measurements and analysis on a single occasion or within relatively a short period of time. The researcher who makes cross sectional study draws from the population and searches variables distributions within the sample, often by designating and predicting the outcomes of variables based on information from other sources. Cross sectional study is very much suited to describing variables and their relative distributions patterns. This type of study never takes into account the temporal relationship between the factors that are already explored and this usually includes an evaluation of a cross section of a particular population in a given period of time (Rao and Richard, 2006, p. 205). 4. Compare and contrast each of the following, giving examples: Primary and Secondary Data Sources of data are basically two, either primary or secondary. Primary data comprise of those data that a researcher collects directly from a specific population through ways of sampling, survey or any other technique of data gathering. Primary data are raw data and are not already used or published in books, journals, newspaper or any other sources. When primary data are published through media and made available to the public, and later they are used by others for their purpose, the data becomes secondary and the source becomes secondary source of data. Primary sources of data are those where the researcher describes his or her own work and the process that has been employed to come to conclusion. Secondary sources are usually books, articles, journals, statistics published in them, and other publications that are written by people with only a passing or second hand knowledge of a specific subject (Guffey and Loewy, 2009, p. 259). Primary data includes information that are developed or gathered by the researcher specifically for a particular research at hand. Secondary data refers to those data that are previously been gathered by someone other than the researcher for some purpose other than the research project at hand. Primary data is raw-data where as secondary data are previously used by others and may not be very appropriate for the purpose of second users. A survey conducted by local government to know exact numbers of farmers and industrialist in its region gives primary data, but when this data is used by a newspaper for studying the same regions financial strength, it becomes secondary data. Field study versus Comparative study A field study in research methodology refers to a method of data gathering based on direct observation from the population. For instance, a business organization may conduct a field study about its customers, their preferences, their specific requirements and their responses etc. in conducting field study, the researcher or the investigator directly observes users or the population they target, most probably taking notes on certain activities that their targeted people do indulge with, copying their activities clearly, and noting down the answers they give for specific questions. Comparative study is typically a qualitative analysis tool that attempts to figure out a specific issue or find out answers to specific issues by comparing two known variables or already studied areas of a given topic. An unknown fact may be explored by comparing its dimensions with an already known fact. For example, 50 Biology students in a university who are very fond of reading of library books were found to have scored more than 65 percent of marks. The relation between scoring marks and reading library books in known. In analyzing what factors led many students score high marks in business studies, the reading and high soring in biology can be compared. Bibliography and References Most researches, mainly literature review part, depend on literatures of published book or journals. The researcher may give direct quoting or parenthesizing in between texts and the details of these sources are required, according to almost all referencing formats like APA, MLA, Harvard etc, to show in detail at the end of the research paper on a separate title called references. References thus refers to those sources that are mentioned in text in a research, may be with or without the year of publishing or page numbers, but with last name of the author. Any specific idea that a researcher depends from a previous study and uses to develop his research must give its details in references. References thus indicate sources of specific ideas he parenthesized or quoted from another work. But, bibliography refers to the lists of books or journals or any other type of literature work that a researcher has read and used for his work, but not directly quoted an idea from them or not parenthesized from those sources. Researchers normally read several books and journals and they list them in bibliography to give readers an insight to further reading. Criterion and Predictor Variable In research methodology, criterion or criterion variable is the variable that measures the construct of interest to the researcher. Criterion variable is an outcome variable that can be predicted from one or more predictor variables, and it is often the main concentration in the study as it is the outcome variable mentioned in the research problem (Hatcher, 2003, p. 30). The predictor variable, in contrast, is a variable that is used to predict values on the criterion and it has a causal effect on criterion (Hatcher, 2003, p. 30).